前沿速递 | ncs 集萃：2026-08-20 期
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1. 无处不在的开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性驱动太阳上的等离子体混合
Ubiquitous Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities driving plasma mixing on the Sun
『Abstract』The interaction between the magnetic field and turbulent convection in the Sun's photosphere drives the dynamics, evolution and structuring of its magnetized atmosphere. This interaction often takes place at or below the spatial resolution of modern-day observations. Here we report on high-spatial-resolution observations of the solar photosphere acquired using the world's first 4-m class solar telescope, the US National Science Foundation's Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. Time sequence images reveal a far more complex and dynamic solar scene than previously observed. We identify ubiquitous magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the edges of magnetic flux concentrations and provide experimental confirmation of a long-standing theoretical prediction. The discovery of small-scale magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the solar photosphere, which can be reproduced by high-resolution numerical simulations, has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the creation and dissipation of magnetic fields exhibiting vortex motion, which can lead to flux braiding. Our results support the picture of disjoint magnetic field concentrations in layers below the visible solar surface that connect to monolithic flux regions visible as facular concentrations and pores in the solar photosphere. Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are an efficient mechanism for transporting mass, energy, momentum and magnetic flux in magnetohydrodynamic systems, and they offer transformative insights into processes in magnetically active regions such as the one observed here.
『摘要』
太阳光球中磁场与湍流对流的相互作用驱动着其磁化大气的动力学、演化和结构形成。这种相互作用通常发生在现代观测手段空间分辨率之下或与之相当的尺度上。本研究利用全球首台4米级太阳望远镜——美国国家科学基金会的丹尼尔·井上太阳望远镜，获取了太阳光球的高空间分辨率观测数据。时间序列图像揭示出比以往观测更为复杂且动态的太阳场景。我们在磁通量聚集区边缘发现了普遍存在的磁化开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性，并通过实验证实了一个长期存在的理论预测。太阳光球中小尺度磁化开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的发现（该现象可通过高分辨率数值模拟重现），对我们理解具有涡旋运动的磁场的产生和耗散机制具有深远影响，这类运动可能导致磁通量编织效应。研究结果支持以下图景：可见太阳表面下方的分层结构中存在分离的磁场聚集区，这些区域与光球中表现为亮斑聚集区和孔区的整体性磁通量区域相连。开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性是磁流体系统中传输质量、能量、动量和磁通量的高效机制，为理解磁活跃区（如本次观测区域）内的物理过程提供了革命性见解。
『总结』
研究发现太阳光球中广泛存在小尺度磁化开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性，通过高分辨率观测证实了理论预测，并揭示其对磁场演化及磁活跃区物质输运的重要意义。
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2. 真空双折射现象与射电磁星发出的偏振X射线辐射
Vacuum birefringence and the polarized X-ray emission from a radio magnetar
『Abstract』Magnetars are isolated neutron stars with exceptionally strong surface fields exceeding 1014 G (ref. ). Their bright X-ray emission probes physical regimes in which quantum electrodynamics (QED) influences radiation propagation. Strong magnetic fields induce polarization-dependent refractive indices in the vacuum; such vacuum birefringence remains a long-standing but unconfirmed prediction of QED. Here we report phase- and energy-resolved polarization measurements of the radio-emitting magnetar 1E 1547.0-5408 obtained by coordinating X-ray and radio observations from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer and the Parkes/Murriyang Observatory. We detect large polarization degrees (PDs) in the thermally dominant soft X-ray band, reaching phase-averaged values of 65% at 2 keV before substantially decreasing between 2 keV and 4 keV. At certain rotational phases, the 2-3 keV PD rises to nearly 80% while remaining high (≳40%) throughout the radio beam crossing. The phase-dependent X-ray and radio polarization angles are both consistent with the rotating vector model, suggesting that the emission geometries track the large-scale magnetic field of the star. Collectively, these characteristics challenge standard surface emission models using non-refractive propagation of light to infinity. Vacuum-birefringence-governed magnetospheric propagation can naturally explain the X-ray polarization signals. Our results represent a marked advance in probing this hallmark prediction of QED, opening a new cosmic window into superstrong-field quantum physics, thereby motivating further observational and theoretical studies concentrating on this domain.
『摘要』
磁星是孤立的致密中子星，其表面磁场强度极高，超过1014高斯（G）（参考文献）。它们明亮的X射线辐射可探测到量子电动力学（QED）影响辐射传播的物理机制。强磁场会在真空中产生与偏振相关的折射率；这种真空双折射现象是量子电动力学的长期预测，但尚未得到证实。本研究报告了通过协调成像X射线偏振测量探测器、中子星内部成分探测器和帕克斯/穆里扬天文台的X射线和射电观测，对射电发射磁星1E 1547.0-5408进行的相位和能量分辨偏振测量结果。我们在热主导的软X射线波段检测到了较高的偏振度（PD），在2 keV时达到65%的相位平均值，随后在2 keV至4 keV之间显著下降。在某些旋转阶段，2-3 keV的偏振度上升至近80%，而在整个射电束穿过期间仍保持较高水平（≳40%）。相位依赖的X射线和射电偏振角均符合旋转矢量模型，表明发射几何形状追踪恒星的大尺度磁场。这些特征共同挑战了采用非折射光传播至无穷远的标准表面发射模型。受真空双折射支配的磁层传播可以自然解释X射线偏振信号。我们的研究结果标志着在探索量子电动力学这一标志性预测方面取得了重大进展，为超强场量子物理学开辟了一个新的宇宙窗口，从而激励进一步集中于该领域的观测和理论研究。
『总结』
磁星1E 1547.0-5408的X射线和射电偏振测量显示，其软X射线波段存在高偏振度，且相位依赖的偏振角与旋转矢量模型一致，挑战了传统表面发射模型，支持了真空双折射效应的解释，为量子电动力学预测提供了新证据。
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3. 急性和长期新冠肺炎中的病毒再激活
Virus reactivation in acute and long COVID-19
『Abstract』Chronic viral infections are ubiquitous in humans, with individuals carrying multiple viruses that can reactivate during physiological stress, including severe illness. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to reactivate chronic viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, yet the full extent, temporal dynamics and immunological impact of viral reactivation in COVID-19 remain incompletely understood. Here, leveraging multi-omic longitudinal data from 1,154 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 from the Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) study, we reveal significant reactivation of Herpesviridae and Anelloviridae during acute COVID-19, with distinct temporal dynamics for different viruses, and demonstrate that reactivation correlates with disease severity, host immune effects and clinical outcomes. Although our results do not establish causation between virus reactivation and clinical outcomes, we highlight the prevalence of chronic viral reactivation during acute COVID-19 and long COVID. Our findings challenge the prevailing view that chronic viral reactivation is primarily a consequence of immunosuppression, demonstrating that reactivations occur frequently in immunocompetent individuals during severe illness and in association with increased systemic inflammation. Additionally, we demonstrate persistence of viral reactivation in convalescence, and report an association of Anelloviridae with long COVID. This study provides immune, transcriptomic and metabolomic signatures of viral reactivation that could inform future strategies to prognosticate and treat acute COVID-19 and long COVID.
『摘要』
慢性病毒感染在人类中普遍存在，个体携带的多种病毒可在包括严重疾病在内的生理应激状态下重新激活。值得注意的是，已有研究表明SARS-CoV-2感染可重新激活如EB病毒和巨细胞病毒等慢性病毒，但新冠病毒（COVID-19）患者体内病毒重新激活的全部范围、时间动态及免疫学影响尚未完全明确。本研究利用来自“新冠队列免疫表型评估”（IMPACC）研究中1154例住院患者的多组学长程数据，揭示了在急性新冠病毒感染期间疱疹病毒科和环状病毒科的显著重新激活现象，不同病毒的重新激活呈现独特的时间动态特征，并证明其与疾病严重程度、宿主免疫反应及临床结局相关。尽管研究结果未确立病毒重新激活与临床结局之间的因果关系，但强调了其在急性新冠病毒感染及长期新冠症状中的高发性。我们的发现挑战了慢性病毒重新激活主要是免疫抑制后果的传统观点，表明在重症患者中，即使免疫功能正常者也会频繁发生病毒重新激活，且与全身炎症加剧有关。此外，我们还观察到恢复期病毒重新激活的持续存在，并报告了环状病毒科与长期新冠症状的相关性。本研究提供了病毒重新激活的免疫、转录组和代谢组特征，可为未来预测和治疗急性和长期新冠的策略提供依据。
『总结』
研究利用多组学长程数据揭示了急性新冠病毒感染期间疱疹病毒科和环状病毒科的显著重新激活现象及其与疾病严重程度、宿主免疫反应及临床结局的相关性，挑战了传统观点，为未来治疗策略提供依据。
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4. 具有面外载流子流动的二维聚合物光催化裂解水
Photocatalytic water splitting by 2D polymer with out-of-plane carrier flow
『Abstract』Solar-driven water splitting with semiconductor particulates offers a sustainable pathway for hydrogen production. Two-dimensional (2D) π-conjugated polymers have emerged as promising photocatalysts owing to their cost effectiveness and optoelectronic tunability. However, photoexcited states in polymers are largely confined within π-conjugated 2D planes, making charge carriers vulnerable to recombination. Despite widespread modification of the electronic structure to enhance in-plane charge separation, long-term experimental efforts continue to highlight a persistent bottleneck in quantum efficiency. To maximize charge utilization efficiency, the main challenge lies in inducing out-of-plane carrier migration, namely, fostering carrier flow through van der Waals-bonded layers. Here, using polymeric carbon nitride crystals as model systems, we demonstrate that out-of-plane carrier transport can be activated over surprisingly long distances (about 200 nm) by applying lateral or vertical internal electric fields by means of encapsulating nanofilms on different polymer facets. The lateral and vertical electric fields boost apparent quantum efficiency for overall water splitting to 53.4% and 82.1%, respectively. Our study introduces a strategy for transitioning from intrinsic 2D-confined excited states into kinetic-driven 3D spatially separated states and paves the way for maximizing energy conversion by polymer photocatalysis.
『摘要』
利用半导体颗粒进行太阳能驱动水分解为制氢提供了一条可持续的途径。二维（2D）π共轭聚合物因其成本效益和光电可调性而成为极具潜力的光催化剂。然而，聚合物中的光激发态主要局限于π共轭的二维平面内，导致电荷载流子易发生复合。尽管人们广泛通过调整电子结构来增强面内电荷分离，但长期实验仍凸显出量子效率提升存在持续瓶颈。为实现电荷利用效率最大化，主要挑战在于诱导面外载流子迁移，即促进载流子在范德华键合层间流动。本研究以聚合氮化碳晶体为模型体系，证明通过对不同聚合物晶面封装纳米薄膜施加横向或纵向内部电场，可激活面外载流子传输，且传输距离惊人地长（约200纳米）。横向和纵向电场分别将整体水分解的表观量子效率提升至53.4%和82.1%。本研究提出了一种从本征二维受限激发态向动力学驱动三维空间分离态转变的策略，为通过聚合物光催化实现能量转换最大化铺平了道路。
『总结』
二维π共轭聚合物作为光催化剂存在电荷载流子易复合问题，研究以聚合氮化碳晶体为模型，发现通过封装纳米薄膜施加电场可激活面外载流子长距离传输，大幅提升整体水分解的量子效率，为聚合物光催化能量转换最大化提供了新策略。
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5. 费米-哈伯德量子模拟器中的赝能隙
Pseudogap in a Fermi-Hubbard quantum simulator
『Abstract』Understanding doped Mott insulators is a fundamental goal in condensed matter physics, relevant to cuprate superconductors and other quantum materials. The Hubbard model minimally describes such systems and has explicated some of their complex behaviour. However, many open questions remain concerning the anomalous metallic states that emerge at low temperatures and intermediate doping and which, in cuprates, give rise to high-temperature superconductivity on cooling. Here we observe a crossover between a normal metal and a pseudogapped metal in the Hubbard model using thermodynamic and spectroscopic measurements in a cold-atom quantum simulator, leveraging a recent several-fold reduction in achievable temperatures. On cooling, the compressibility develops a maximum at intermediate doping, signalling an inflection point in the equation of state. We track this maximum versus interaction strength, revealing a line of thermodynamic anomalies in the phase diagram separating an underdoped from an overdoped metal at large interactions. Lattice modulation spectra in the underdoped regime show a loss of low-energy response, especially pronounced in the antinodal regions of the Brillouin zone, indicating a pseudogap. We use this signal to construct a pseudogap phase diagram versus interactions and doping. Our results experimentally establish and characterize the pseudogap metal in the Hubbard model, and suggest connections to charge order that can be studied in future work. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the utility of quantum simulation in addressing frontier problems in correlated electron physics.
『摘要』
理解掺杂的莫特绝缘体是凝聚态物理学的一个基本目标，与铜酸盐超导体和其他量子材料相关。哈伯德模型（Hubbard model）以最简形式描述了这类系统，并解释了它们的一些复杂行为。然而，关于低温及中等掺杂条件下出现的反常金属态仍有许多未解之谜，在铜酸盐中，这些反常金属态在冷却时会引发高温超导性。本研究利用冷原子量子模拟器，通过热力学和光谱测量，观察到哈伯德模型中正常金属与赝能隙金属之间的转变，这得益于近期实现温度的大幅降低。冷却过程中，压缩率在中等掺杂时达到最大值，表明状态方程出现拐点。我们追踪这一最大值随相互作用强度的变化，揭示出相图中存在一条热力学异常线，将低掺杂金属与高掺杂金属在大相互作用下区分开来。低掺杂区域的晶格调制谱显示低能量响应缺失，在布里渊区的反节点区域尤为明显，表明存在赝能隙。我们利用这一信号构建了赝能隙相图，该相图与相互作用和掺杂有关。我们的研究结果在实验上确立并表征了哈伯德模型中的赝能隙金属，并暗示其与电荷序的联系，可在未来研究中进一步探索。此外，这项工作展示了量子模拟在解决关联电子物理前沿问题方面的实用性。
『总结』
研究借助冷原子量子模拟器观察到了哈伯德模型中正常金属与赝能隙金属间的转变，追踪了压缩率最大值随相互作用强度变化情况，发现低掺杂区域有赝能隙并构建了赝能隙相图，实验确立并表征了赝能隙金属，还暗示其与电荷序的联系，同时展示了量子模拟在解决关联电子物理前沿问题上的作用。
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6. 肠干细胞通过计数自我更新分裂来切换多能性
Intestinal stem cells count self-renewal divisions to switch multipotency
『Abstract』Multipotent stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by producing distinct daughter cell types in defined proportions, but how they coordinate type-specific ratios during repeated divisions remains unknown. Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs) switch between producing enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and enterocytes (ECs), yet maintain a constant EEC:EC ratio despite rapid tissue turnover. Here we show that ISCs intrinsically count self-renewal divisions through an epigenetic mechanism to control multipotency switching. After each asymmetrical division producing an enteroendocrine mother cell (EMC; which divides symmetrically to produce a pair of EECs), ISCs execute precisely eight divisions that generate ECs, before switching back to EMC production at the ninth division. This counting is driven by antagonistic histone modifications: Trithorax group (TrxG)-dependent active marks (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) progressively decline, whereas Polycomb group (PcG)-dependent repressive marks (H3K27me3) accumulate over successive divisions, triggering fate switching at a threshold. The division count is tunable by modulating TrxG and PcG activities, but withstands acute injury. Crucially, EMC-derived transient Notch signalling establishes active marks in ISCs to initiate the count, designating each EMC production as the cycle's start point. Our work identifies a histone-modification-based division counter that programs developmental fidelity in stem cells, with implications for engineered tissue growth and differentiation disorder therapies.
『摘要』
多能干细胞通过按特定比例产生不同子细胞类型来维持组织稳态，但它们如何在反复分裂过程中协调特定类型的比例仍属未知。果蝇肠道干细胞（ISCs）在生成肠内分泌细胞（EECs）和吸收细胞（ECs）之间切换，尽管组织更新迅速，却能保持恒定的EEC:EC比例。本研究表明，ISCs通过表观遗传机制内在地计数自我更新分裂次数以控制多能性转换。每次不对称分裂产生一个肠内分泌母细胞（EMC；其对称分裂产生一对EECs）后，ISCs会精确进行八次产生EC的分裂，然后在第九次分裂时重新开始生成EMC。这种计数由拮抗性的组蛋白修饰驱动：Trithorax家族（TrxG）依赖的激活标记（H3K4me3和H3K36me3）随连续分裂逐渐减少，而Polycomb家族（PcG）依赖的抑制标记（H3K27me3）则不断积累，达到阈值后触发命运转换。分裂次数可通过调节TrxG和PcG活性进行调整，且能耐受急性损伤。关键的是，源自EMC的瞬时Notch信号在ISCs中建立激活标记以启动计数，将每次EMC的产生指定为周期起点。该研究揭示了一种基于组蛋白修饰的分裂计数器，可编程干细胞发育保真度，对工程化组织生长及分化障碍治疗具有启示意义。
『总结』
研究发现果蝇肠道干细胞通过表观遗传介导的分裂计数机制维持多能性转换，利用拮抗性组蛋白修饰动态调控命运决定，并揭示了Notch信号起始计数的分子基础。
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7. 巴基斯坦基因组资源中173,303份外显子组和基因组的分析
Analysis of 173,303 exomes and genomes in the Pakistan Genome Resource
『Abstract』Naturally occurring loss-of-function variants in human genes enable drug target discovery because they mimic pharmacological inhibition of proteins. However, the study of these genetic variants is constrained by their rarity. Sequencing of diverse populations, particularly those enriched in familial relatedness, has been postulated to promote discovery of rare genetic variants. Here we present the Pakistan Genome Resource, a South Asian biobank with high familial relatedness comprising 173,303 participants, who collectively carry naturally occurring homozygous loss-of-function variants in 6,476 genes. We describe the genetic architecture of this population, associations between genes and biomarkers, the distribution of loss-of-function variants across molecular pathways, and recall-by-genotype studies of therapeutically relevant genes. The Pakistan Genome Resource expands the catalogue of human genetic variants, provides a comprehensive genetic reference resource for the Pakistani population, and demonstrates the value of studying diverse cohorts to advance human health.
『摘要』
人类基因中自然存在的功能丧失变异体能够促进药物靶点的发现，因为它们可以模拟蛋白质的药理学抑制作用。然而，对这些遗传变异体的研究受到其稀有性的限制。对不同人群进行测序，特别是那些家族关系丰富的人群，被认为有助于发现罕见的遗传变异体。在此，我们介绍了巴基斯坦基因组资源库，这是一个南亚生物样本库，具有高度的家族相关性，由173,303名参与者组成，他们共同携带6476个基因中自然发生的纯合功能丧失变异体。我们描述了该人群的遗传结构、基因与生物标志物之间的关联、功能丧失变异体在分子通路中的分布情况，以及对治疗相关基因进行的基于基因型的召回研究。巴基斯坦基因组资源库扩充了人类遗传变异体目录，为巴基斯坦人口提供了全面的遗传参考资源，并证明了研究多样化队列对于促进人类健康的价值。
『总结』
人类基因中自然存在的功能丧失变异体可助力药物靶点发现，但因其稀有性研究受限，对不同人群尤其是家族关系丰富人群测序有助发现罕见变异体，文中介绍巴基斯坦基因组资源库及其相关研究，它扩充了人类遗传变异体目录等并证明研究多样化队列对促进人类健康有价值。
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8. 选择性源于无选择性的光还原反应
Selectivity emerges from indiscriminate photoreduction
『Abstract』Single electron transfer (SET) reduction is among the most fundamental strategies for the activation of organic compounds. The design of selective reactions that leverage SET is grounded by the premise that differences in substrate redox potentials predict relative rates of SET, with more favourable reductions occurring faster. However, across the diverse modes of redox catalysis, devising reactions that require SET to the harder to reduce of two reactants remains challenging. This restriction all but precludes coupling reactions when targeting substrates that are thermodynamically difficult to reduce or oxidize. Here we introduce an alternative selectivity manifold for outer-sphere SET that is divorced from substrate redox potentials. We show that super-potent photoreductants render substrate redox potentials irrelevant through diffusion-limited SET, allowing a new selectivity profile to emerge from competition between downstream chemical steps and back electron transfer (BET). We validate these principles in the context of radical annulation reactions between cyclopropyl ketones and easier-to-reduce alkenes. Although these mismatched redox potentials previously precluded these reactions, we promote selective radical annulation even as the requisite ketone reduction becomes disfavoured by a volt. More broadly, these studies offer a general blueprint for the design of SET reactions that require violation of redox potential control.
『摘要』
单电子转移（SET）还原是有机化合物活化的最基本策略之一。利用单电子转移设计选择性反应的前提是，底物氧化还原电位的差异可预测单电子转移的相对速率，更有利的还原反应发生得更快。然而，在各种氧化还原催化模式中，设计需要单电子转移到两种反应物中较难还原的反应物的反应仍然具有挑战性。当目标底物在热力学上难以还原或氧化时，这种限制几乎排除了偶联反应的可能性。在此，我们介绍了一种与底物氧化还原电位无关的外球单电子转移替代选择性机制。我们发现，超强光致还原剂通过扩散限制的单电子转移使底物氧化还原电位变得无关紧要，从而在下游化学步骤和反向电子转移（BET）之间的竞争中产生新的选择性特征。我们在环丙基酮与更易还原烯烃的自由基环化反应中验证了这些原理。尽管此前这些不匹配的氧化还原电位阻碍了此类反应的发生，但我们实现了选择性自由基环化，即使所需的酮还原因一伏特而变得不利。更广泛地说，这些研究为设计需要违反氧化还原电位控制的单电子转移反应提供了通用蓝图。
『总结』
介绍了与底物氧化还原电位无关的外球单电子转移替代选择性机制，发现超强光致还原剂使其底物氧化还原电位无关紧要，在特定自由基环化反应中验证该原理，还为相关反应设计提供通用蓝图。
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9. 基于金属配位挖掘的靶向酶发现
Targeted enzyme discovery using metal-coordination mining
『Abstract』The recent revolution in genome sequencing and protein structure prediction has opened new frontiers in understanding, predicting and designing enzyme function. Central to these efforts is the discovery and functional annotation of novel enzymes, which is essential for elucidating the connection between genotype and phenotype and for developing biocatalysts for industrial applications. However, accurately predicting enzymatic function remains a major challenge, and the discovery of new enzymes often relies on serendipity. Here we present a metal-coordination-guided strategy that uses atomic-level mechanistic principles to mine protein structure databases for the targeted discovery of metalloenzymes. We apply this framework to the AlphaFold2 Protein Structure Database to identify new members of the FeII/α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenase family, which selectively functionalize unactivated C(sp)-H-bonds, a crucial transformation in the production of pharmaceuticals and other high-value compounds. These radical halogenases constitute a low-abundance class within the large and diverse cupin superfamily. Owing to low sequence conservation, they have been especially challenging to find against the complex background of related family members, such as hydroxylases, desaturases and epimerases. Our metal-coordination mining methodology reveals several previously unrecognized radical halogenase families spanning diverse phylogenetic space, at minimal computational cost. Our predictions are validated by the experimental characterization of two new radical halogenases, AspX and BtnX. Notably, BtnX shows a substrate promiscuity that is unprecedented in radical halogenases, opening the way for a broad range of biocatalytic applications.
『摘要』
基因组测序和蛋白质结构预测领域的最新革命为理解、预测和设计酶功能开辟了新领域。这些工作的核心是发现新型酶并对其进行功能注释，这对于阐明基因型与表型之间的联系以及开发用于工业应用的生物催化剂至关重要。然而，准确预测酶的功能仍然是一个重大挑战，而新酶的发现往往依赖于偶然性。本文提出了一种金属配位引导策略，该策略利用原子级机理原理挖掘蛋白质结构数据库，以有针对性地发现金属酶。我们将这一框架应用于AlphaFold2蛋白质结构数据库，以识别铁（II）/α-酮戊二酸依赖性卤化酶家族的新成员，这类酶可以选择性地使未活化的C(sp³)-H键功能化，这是生产药物和其他高价值化合物过程中的关键转化反应。这些自由基卤化酶在庞大且多样的杯状超家族中属于低丰度类。由于序列保守性较低，在与羟化酶、脱氢酶和外消旋酶等相关家族成员的复杂背景下，很难找到它们。我们的金属配位挖掘方法以极低的计算成本揭示了多个此前未被识别的自由基卤化酶家族，这些家族分布于不同的系统发育空间。我们通过对两种新的自由基卤化酶AspX和BtnX的实验表征验证了上述预测。值得注意的是，BtnX表现出前所未有的底物混杂性，为广泛的生物催化应用开辟了道路。
『总结』
基因组测序和蛋白质结构预测的进步推动了酶功能研究，但准确预测酶功能和发现新酶仍具挑战。本文提出金属配位引导策略，用其挖掘蛋白质结构数据库发现了多个新自由基卤化酶家族，并通过实验验证了其中两种酶的特性。
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10. 含光可转化稳定剂的钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池
Perovskite-organic tandem solar cells with a photo-transformable stabilizer
『Abstract』Wide-bandgap (WBG) mixed-halide perovskites with high bromine (Br) content, which are used as the front-cell material in perovskite-organic tandem solar cells (TSCs), often exhibit initial halide-mixing inhomogeneity and light-induced halide segregation, limiting the performance of perovskite-organic TSCs. Here we introduce a photo-transformable additive, 4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]benzylammonium salt (TDB), into the WBG perovskite precursor solution to establish a two-stage strategy for stabilizing the mixed-halide phase. During crystallization, TDB improves the initial halide homogeneity by suppressing the rapid precipitation of the Br-rich phase and accelerating halide mixing upon annealing. During operational illumination, TDB undergoes transformation to form a new species with stronger adsorption on the perovskite grain-boundary surfaces, which inhibits the formation of iodide-related defects and suppresses defect-assisted carrier trapping and ion migration, thereby mitigating light-induced halide segregation. The representative WBG perovskite (bandgap energy (Eg) = 1.88 eV) solar cell had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.01%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.42 V, a fill factor of 85.13% and improved stability under illumination. By integrating the WBG perovskite solar cell into a monolithic perovskite-organic TSC, we achieved a PCE of 28.80%, with a certified steady-state PCE of 28.04%. The perovskite-organic TSC retained 90% of its initial PCE after 625 h of operation under the ISOS-L-1 protocol.
『摘要』
宽带隙（WBG）高溴（Br）含量混合卤化物钙钛矿作为钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池（TSCs）的前端电池材料，常出现初始卤素混合不均匀和光致卤素分离现象，限制了钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池的性能。在此，我们将一种可光转换的添加剂4-[3-(三氟甲基)-3H-二氮杂环丙烯-3-基]苄胺盐（TDB）引入宽带隙钙钛矿前驱体溶液中，建立了一种稳定混合卤化物相的两阶段策略。在结晶过程中，TDB通过抑制富溴相的快速沉淀并加速退火过程中的卤素混合来提高初始卤素的均匀性。在光照运行期间，TDB发生转化形成一种新物质，该物质对钙钛矿晶界表面具有更强的吸附作用，从而抑制碘相关缺陷的形成，阻止缺陷辅助的载流子捕获和离子迁移，进而减轻光致卤素分离。代表性宽带隙钙钛矿（带隙能量(Eg) = 1.88 eV）太阳能电池的功率转换效率（PCE）为20.01%，开路电压为1.42 V，填充因子为85.13%，且在光照下稳定性有所提升。将宽带隙钙钛矿太阳能电池集成到单片式钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池中后，我们实现了28.80%的功率转换效率，认证稳态功率转换效率为28.04%。根据ISOS-L-1协议，钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池在运行625小时后仍能保持其初始功率转换效率的90%。
『总结』
针对高溴含量宽带隙混合卤化物钙钛矿存在的初始卤素混合不均与光致卤素分离问题，研究团队引入可光转换添加剂TDB，通过两阶段策略提升了钙钛矿性能及稳定性，制成的钙钛矿太阳能电池和钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池均展现出较高的功率转换效率和良好的稳定性。
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11. 增强的B细胞致敏诱导产生广泛中和HIV-1顶端抗体
Enhanced B cell priming induces broadly neutralizing HIV-1 apex antibodies
『Abstract』Efficient priming of B cell precursors is a rate-limiting step in the induction of V2 apex broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Here we describe a germline-targeted HIV-1 Env (CAP256.OPT4) that increases the efficiency of V2 apex bnAb precursor priming by 30-400-fold compared with wild-type HIV-1 Envs and induces, in over 90% of macaques, neutralization breadth that includes Asn130-containing viruses. Using three different delivery platforms-persistently replicating simian human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), protein nanoparticles and mRNA-we show bnAb priming as early as 4 weeks after infection or immunization, and neutralization breadth in the plasma by 12 weeks. In 14 SHIV-infected macaques, neutralization breadth reached as high as 90% on a 21-virus panel with potency as great as 1:20,000 (50% inhibitory dilution). Monoclonal bnAbs isolated from these animals were similarly broad and potent, with cryo-EM structures representing three distinct lineages revealing canonical needle-like HCDR3 binding. Env-Ab coevolution and structural analyses identified five key residues and loop features under positive selection and temporally associated with neutralization breadth. Importantly, prime-boost immunogens designed to capture these features induced broad and potent neutralization of globally diverse viruses including those containing Asn130 glycan. Furthermore, rhesus bnAbs were not restricted to IGHD3-15*01 heavy-chain alleles. These results expand the use of the rhesus model for HIV-1 vaccine design and provide a molecular blueprint for inducing V2 apex bnAbs in rhesus and humans.
『摘要』
有效启动B细胞前体是诱导V2顶端广谱中和抗体（bnAbs）的限速步骤。本文描述了一种针对种系基因的HIV-1包膜蛋白（CAP256.OPT4），与野生型HIV-1包膜蛋白相比，该蛋白将V2顶端广谱中和抗体前体的启动效率提高了30至400倍，并在超过90%的猕猴中诱导出包括含Asn130病毒在内的中和广度。利用三种不同的递送平台——持续复制的猿人类免疫缺陷病毒（SHIVs）、蛋白质纳米颗粒和信使核糖核酸（mRNA），我们发现在感染或免疫后4周即可实现广谱中和抗体的启动，且在12周时血浆中出现中和广度。在14只感染SHIV的猕猴中，对21种病毒组合的中和广度最高达90%，效力高达1:20,000（50%抑制稀释度）。从这些动物体内分离出的单克隆广谱中和抗体同样具有广泛性和高效性，冷冻电镜结构代表了三个不同谱系，揭示了典型的针状HCDR3结合方式。包膜蛋白-抗体共同进化及结构分析确定了五个关键残基和环特征受到正向选择，并与中和广度存在时间关联。重要的是，旨在捕捉这些特征的初免-加强免疫原可诱导对全球多种病毒（包括含有Asn130聚糖的病毒）产生广泛而有效的中和作用。此外，恒河猴广谱中和抗体并不局限于IGHD3-15*01重链等位基因。这些结果拓展了恒河猴模型在HIV-1疫苗设计中的应用范围，并为在恒河猴和人类中诱导V2顶端广谱中和抗体提供了分子蓝图。
『总结』
研究开发了一种靶向种系的HIV-1包膜蛋白，通过三种递送平台显著提高V2顶端广谱中和抗体前体的启动效率，并诱导出高广度和效力的中和反应，为HIV-1疫苗设计提供新策略。
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12. 全基因组复制塑造了脊椎动物大脑的细胞类型进化
Whole-genome duplication shaped cell-type evolution in the vertebrate brain
『Abstract』The complex brains of vertebrates have more cell types than those of their closest relatives. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) occurred during early vertebrate evolution, but it is unclear whether the duplicated genes (ohnologues) facilitated cell-type evolution. Here using brain single-cell transcriptomes from five chordates-human, mouse, lizard, lamprey and amphioxus-we report that many cell-type families with conserved core transcription factors in vertebrates do not show one-to-one homology with amphioxus. Moreover, ohnologues, particularly those from the first WGD, were more important than small-scale duplication paralogues for vertebrate cell-type evolution. To explore whether ohnologues are mechanistically important for this process, we predicted ancestral cell-type states and compared them to amphioxus and experimentally investigated macroglia. The findings indicate that ohnologues had a role in early vertebrate cell-type diversification. Moreover, by examining paralogue expression across cell types and species, we show that expression changes were mainly driven by dosage selection and subfunctionalization. We also link ohnologues to cellular diversity at different anatomical and cell-type scales. Our findings demonstrate the importance of WGDs for the evolution of early vertebrate brain complexity and highlight that the resultant ohnologues continued to capacitate cell-type evolution long after they were formed.
『摘要』
脊椎动物复杂的大脑比其近亲拥有更多细胞类型。在脊椎动物早期进化过程中发生了全基因组复制（WGDs），但尚不清楚这些重复基因（直系同源基因）是否促进了细胞类型的进化。本研究利用来自人类、小鼠、蜥蜴、七鳃鳗和文昌鱼五种脊索动物的脑单细胞转录组数据，发现许多具有保守核心转录因子的脊椎动物细胞类型家族与文昌鱼并不呈现一一对应的关系。此外，直系同源基因，尤其是首次全基因组复制产生的直系同源基因，对脊椎动物细胞类型的进化比小规模复制产生的旁系同源基因更为重要。为探究直系同源基因在这一过程中的机制重要性，我们预测了祖先细胞类型状态，并将其与文昌鱼进行比较，还通过实验研究了巨型胶质细胞。研究结果表明，直系同源基因在脊椎动物早期细胞类型多样化中发挥了作用。此外，通过分析不同细胞类型和物种中的旁系同源基因表达情况，我们发现表达变化主要由剂量选择和亚功能化驱动。我们还将直系同源基因与不同解剖结构和细胞类型尺度上的细胞多样性联系起来。我们的研究结果证明了全基因组复制对于早期脊椎动物大脑复杂性进化的重要意义，并强调由此产生的直系同源基因在其形成后很长时间内仍持续推动着细胞类型的进化。
『总结』
研究发现全基因组复制产生的直系同源基因对脊椎动物早期细胞类型多样化和大脑复杂性进化有重要作用，且其形成后长期推动细胞类型进化，表达变化由剂量选择等驱动。
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13. 人类中央前回上的全身表征镶嵌图
A mosaic of whole-body representations on the human precentral gyrus
『Abstract』Understanding how the body is represented in the motor cortex is key to understanding how the brain controls movement. Although the motor cortex has been mapped in animal models at a fine scale, characterization in humans remains primarily limited to low-resolution recording and stimulation techniques. Here we created a comprehensive map of the human motor cortex at single-neuron resolution, spanning microelectrode array recordings from 20 arrays across 8 individuals with paralysis from spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or brainstem stroke, all enrolled in brain-computer interface clinical trials. These arrays broadly sample the crown of the precentral gyrus (PCG; thought to be composed largely of the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6)). We found that body parts were highly intermixed, such that the entire body was represented in all sampled locations of the PCG, although the relative strength of body parts was roughly consistent with the motor homunculus. We also found two speech-preferential areas with a broadly tuned, orofacial-dominant area in between them. Throughout the PCG, movement representations of the four limbs were interlinked, with homologous movements of different limbs (for example, toe curl and hand close) having correlated representations. These data provide evidence consistent with an intermixed, interrelated and behaviour-centred organization of the motor cortex. The resulting map also provides important targeting information for brain-computer interfaces that seek to restore motor function.
『摘要』
理解运动皮层如何表征身体是理解大脑如何控制运动的关键。尽管动物模型的运动皮层已实现精细尺度映射，但人类的相关研究仍主要局限于低分辨率的记录和刺激技术。本研究通过采集来自8名因脊髓损伤、肌萎缩侧索硬化症或脑干中风导致瘫痪且参与脑机接口临床试验患者的20个微电极阵列记录数据，构建了单神经元分辨率下的人类运动皮层综合图谱。这些阵列广泛采样中央前回（PCG）顶部区域（该区域被认为主要由前运动皮层构成，即布罗德曼6区）。研究发现，身体各部位在PCG所有采样位置均高度混合呈现，但其相对强度大致符合运动体感小人模型；同时发现两个言语偏好区域及其中间一个广泛调谐的口面部主导区域。整个PCG中，四肢运动表征相互关联，不同肢体同源动作（如脚趾卷曲与手部握紧）的表征具有相关性。这些数据为运动皮层混合性、互相关联性和行为中心性的组织结构提供了证据支持。所得图谱也为旨在恢复运动功能的脑机接口提供了重要的定位信息。
『总结』
研究构建了单神经元分辨率的人类运动皮层图谱，揭示其混合性、互相关联性和行为中心性的组织特征，为脑机接口提供关键定位依据。
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14. 追踪心脏修复中新形成冠状动脉侧支的起源
Tracing the origins of de novo coronary collateral formation in cardiac repair
『Abstract』Coronary collateral arteries have been proposed to form de novo through artery reassembly, a process in which arterial endothelial cells (ECs) migrate away from preexisting arteries and reassemble into new arteries. Using genetic tools that trace arterial ECs, we found that their contribution to collaterals is modest. Dual genetic lineage tracing revealed that capillary ECs, rather than arterial ECs, serve as the major building blocks for de novo collaterals. The capillary-to-collateral conversion is functionally crucial for cardiac repair. In addition, transient Vegfa expression through modified messenger RNA markedly promoted collateral formation. Mechanistically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drives arterialization by regulating HES1 transcription through YY1/SETD1A-mediated H3K4 trimethylation. Collectively, these findings redefine the cellular origin and mechanism of coronary collateral formation and highlight its role in facilitating efficient cardiac repair.
『摘要』
已有研究提出冠状动脉侧支血管通过动脉重组过程新生形成，在此过程中，动脉内皮细胞（ECs）从已有动脉迁移出来并重新组合成新动脉。利用追踪动脉内皮细胞的遗传工具，我们发现它们对侧支血管的贡献不大。双重遗传谱系追踪显示，毛细血管内皮细胞而非动脉内皮细胞是新生侧支血管的主要构建单元。毛细血管向侧支血管的转化对于心脏修复具有至关重要的功能意义。此外，通过改良信使RNA短暂表达Vegfa可显著促进侧支血管的形成。在机制上，血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）通过YY1/SETD1A介导的H3K4三甲基化调控HES1转录来驱动动脉化。总之，这些发现重新定义了冠状动脉侧支形成的细胞来源和机制，并强调了其在促进有效心脏修复中的作用。
『总结』
研究发现冠状动脉侧支主要源于毛细血管内皮细胞，其转化为侧支血管对心脏修复至关重要，且Vegfa表达及VEGF驱动的机制可促进侧支形成。
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15. 通过分层分离的小动脉网络实现的模态特异性神经血管耦合
Modality-specific neurovascular coupling via layer-segregated arteriole networks
『Abstract』The brain's vascular system dynamically regulates energy supply through neurovascular coupling. In this study, we show that in mice, neurovascular coupling is modality-dependent: Distinct sensory inputs recruit specific arteriole types, producing differential laminar blood flow patterns. Using multiscale optical imaging, we compared neuronal and vascular responses to touch, nociception, motor-sensory feedback, and spontaneous activity. Shallow arteriole dilation emerges with increasing superficial-layer activity, whereas deep arterioles integrate signals broadly across input conditions. Arteriole type-specific dilation decouples the magnitude of local neuronal activity from capillary blood flow responses, with flow patterns shaped by vascular topology and recapitulated in silico. Together, these findings reveal how interactions between laminar circuit activity and vascular network architecture dynamically shape the spatial profile of blood flow delivery across the cortex.
『摘要』
大脑的血管系统通过神经血管耦合动态调节能量供应。本研究表明，在小鼠中，神经血管耦合具有模态依赖性：不同的感觉输入会招募特定类型的小动脉，从而产生不同的层状血流模式。我们利用多尺度光学成像技术，比较了触觉、伤害感受、运动-感觉反馈和自发活动引起的神经元与血管反应。浅表小动脉的扩张随浅层活动的增加而出现，而深部小动脉则广泛整合不同输入条件下的信号。特定类型小动脉的扩张使局部神经元活动幅度与毛细血管血流反应解耦，其血流模式由血管拓扑结构决定，并通过计算机模拟得以重现。这些发现共同揭示了层状回路活动与血管网络架构之间的相互作用如何动态塑造全皮质血流输送的空间分布特征。
『总结』
研究揭示小鼠大脑中神经血管耦合具模态依赖性，不同感觉输入引发特定小动脉扩张形成差异血流模式，特定小动脉扩张使神经元活动与血流响应解耦，该过程受血管拓扑影响并可被计算机模拟。
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16. CaF<sub>2</sub>中钍（Th）的激光穆斯堡尔谱学
Laser Mossbauer spectroscopy of Th in CaF<sub>2</sub>
『Abstract』Mossbauer spectroscopy is widely used in chemistry, geology, and solid-state physics to probe the local physical and chemical environment of nuclei in materials. Here, we extended this technique into the optical range using a vacuum ultraviolet laser to probe the low-energy nuclear transitions of thorium-229 (Th) doped in calcium fluoride (CaF2) crystals. We discovered four distinct doping sites for the thorium ions, determined the characteristic electric field gradients emerging from the interaction with the host crystal, and identified the microscopic structure of the two dominant configurations. Site-selective laser excitation enabled the study of the isomeric state lifetime and laser-induced quenching for all sites. This technique provides a powerful probe of the nuclear environment, yielding foundational data for designing future solid-state nuclear clocks.
『摘要』
穆斯堡尔谱学广泛应用于化学、地质学和固态物理学领域，用于探测材料中原子核的局部物理和化学环境。本研究利用真空紫外激光将该技术拓展至光学范围，以探测掺杂在氟化钙（CaF₂）晶体中的钍-229（Th）低能级核跃迁。研究发现钍离子存在四种不同的掺杂位点，确定了其与宿主晶体相互作用产生的特征电场梯度，并识别出两种主要构型的微观结构。通过位点选择性激光激发，研究了所有位点的同质异能态寿命及激光诱导淬灭效应。该技术为核环境研究提供了强有力工具，并为未来固态核钟的设计奠定了基础数据。
『总结』
穆斯堡尔谱学被扩展到光学范围，用于研究掺杂在CaF₂晶体中的Th-229的低能级核跃迁，发现四种掺杂位点及相关特性，为设计固态核钟提供基础数据。
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17. 高压下合成的超长单金属原子链包覆结构
Ultralong sheathed single-metal-atom chains synthesized under high pressure
『Abstract』Single-metal-atom chains (SMACs) represent the ultimate limit of one-dimensional nanostructures. They serve as archetypal model systems for condensed matter physics and constitute fundamental building blocks for next-generation nanoelectronics. However, synthesis of SMACs suitable for practical applications remains challenging. In this work, we create micrometer-long, carbon-sheathed copper SMACs at milligram scale by compressing β-copper phthalocyanine to above 21 gigapascals. The SMACs are in atom-scale ordering, are isolable through acid-assisted exfoliation, and exhibit exceptional stability, with Cu-Cu distance confined at 2.57 angstroms. Anisotropic conductance and antiferromagnetic interactions are suggested by experimental and computational results. This work establishes a universal synthetic strategy for sheathed SMACs, positioning them as a compelling platform for prospective electronic and spintronic applications.
『摘要』
单原子金属链（SMACs）代表了一维纳米结构的极限。它们是凝聚态物理学的典型模型系统，也是下一代纳米电子学的基本构建模块。然而，合成适用于实际应用的单原子金属链仍然颇具挑战性。在本研究中，我们通过将β-铜酞菁压缩至21吉帕以上，在毫克规模上制备出微米级长、碳包覆的铜单原子金属链。这些单原子金属链具有原子级有序结构，可通过酸辅助剥离实现分离，且表现出卓越的稳定性，Cu-Cu间距被限制在2.57埃。实验和计算结果表明其存在各向异性电导率和反铁磁相互作用。本研究为包覆型单原子金属链建立了一种通用合成策略，使其成为未来电子和自旋电子应用的有力平台。
『总结』
本研究成功开发了通用方法合成微米级碳包覆铜单原子金属链，该材料具备原子级有序结构、高稳定性和独特电磁特性，为下一代电子器件提供了理想平台。
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18. 重定向湿界面氧化还原路径以实现高效反式钙钛矿太阳能电池
Redirecting wet-interfacial redox pathways for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells
『Abstract』Carbazole-based phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are essential for high-efficiency p-i-n perovskite solar cells. However, during processing, these SAMs inevitably contact perovskite inks, where their acidity triggers a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-mediated iodide redox reaction that imprints device performance, representing a universal bottleneck for inverted devices. We resolve this SAM-triggered redox mechanism and introduce chemistry-matched hydrazide additives to mitigate the degradation. These additives abrogate DMSO activation and redirect unwanted by-products toward benign hydrazide-formamidinium adducts. Consequently, we achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 27.7% (certified 27.4%) in small-area (0.06 cm) cells and 20.1% in 2.0 m modules, along with T95 lifetimes of ~2000 hours of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at 85°C and ~1500 hours MPPT at 85°C and 85% relative humidity.
『摘要』
咔唑基膦酸自组装单层（SAMs）对于高效p-i-n钙钛矿太阳能电池至关重要。然而，在加工过程中，这些自组装单层不可避免地会与钙钛矿墨水接触，其酸性会引发以二甲基亚砜（DMSO）为媒介的碘化物氧化还原反应，从而影响器件性能，这是倒置型器件普遍存在的瓶颈问题。我们解析了这种由自组装单层触发的氧化还原机制，并引入化学匹配的酰肼添加剂来减轻降解。这些添加剂可消除DMSO的活化作用，并将有害副产物转化为无害的酰肼甲脒加合物。最终，我们在小面积（0.06平方厘米）电池中实现了27.7%（认证值为27.4%）的光电转换效率（PCE），在2.0平方米组件中实现了20.1%的光电转换效率，同时在85°C下最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）的T95寿命约为2000小时，在85°C和85%相对湿度下的最大功率点跟踪的T95寿命约为1500小时。
『总结』
咔唑基膦酸自组装单层对高效钙钛矿太阳能电池很重要，但加工时会因酸性触发碘化物氧化还原反应影响性能，研究解析该机制并引入酰肼添加剂减轻降解，取得了较高的光电转换效率和较长的T95寿命。
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19. 中国太阳能扩张政策导致鸟类多样性减少
China's solar expansion policy reduces bird diversity
『Abstract』Could the global transition to renewable energy create a green dilemma that pits carbon reduction against biodiversity conservation? This study examined the effect of policies promoting solar photovoltaics on local avian biodiversity using a panel dataset covering 2344 counties in China from 2014 to 2023. Policies that favored photovoltaic expansion led to reductions in bird diversity, disproportionately affecting wealthier and nondesert regions, as well as widespread species. The mechanism operated primarily through land conversion: Cropland and grassland were transformed into developed areas, reducing the diversity of vegetation. Paradoxically, the leaf area index increased, a pattern we term "inferior greening," whereby diverse natural landscapes were replaced by dense but ecologically homogeneous vegetation. We argue that future photovoltaic development should be accompanied by strict biodiversity safeguards, especially in economically developed regions with high habitat complexity.
『摘要』
全球向可再生能源的转型是否会引发一种绿色困境，使碳减排与生物多样性保护相冲突？本研究利用2014年至2023年中国2344个县的面板数据集，考察了促进太阳能光伏发展的政策对当地鸟类生物多样性的影响。支持光伏扩张的政策导致鸟类多样性减少，对较富裕和非沙漠地区以及广泛分布物种的影响尤为显著。其作用机制主要是土地转换：耕地和草地被转变为开发区，降低了植被多样性。矛盾的是，叶面积指数有所增加，我们将这种模式称为“劣质绿化”，即多样化的自然景观被密集但生态同质的植被所取代。我们认为，未来的光伏开发应辅以严格的生物多样性保护措施，尤其是在栖息地复杂度较高的经济发达地区。
『总结』
研究表明中国促进太阳能光伏发展的政策导致鸟类多样性下降，主要因土地转换降低植被多样性并出现“劣质绿化”现象，建议未来光伏开发需加强生物多样性保护。
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20. 禾本科近缘物种基因组揭示了禾本科植物进化前的关键代谢创新
Genomes of Poaceae relatives reveal key metabolic innovations preceding the evolution of grasses
『Abstract』The grass family (Poaceae) has immense economic and ecological importance and exhibits distinctive metabolic traits, including dual starch and lignin biosynthetic pathways. We sequenced the genomes of Pharus, Joinvillea, Ecdeiocolea, and Typha species to investigate when and how these metabolic innovations evolved relative to the origin of the grass family. The rho whole-genome duplication (ρWGD) within the lineage that led to the last common ancestor of all grasses contributed to the gene family expansions underlying cytosolic starch biosynthesis, whereas an earlier tandem duplication of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gave rise to phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase (PTAL), which is responsible for the dual lignin biosynthesis. Integrated biochemical, functional, and structural studies, guided by phylogenomic analyses, further revealed the molecular basis of key metabolic innovations predating the evolution of grasses.
『摘要』
禾本科（Poaceae）具有巨大的经济和生态价值，且展现出独特的代谢特征，包括淀粉和木质素双合成途径。我们对法鲁草属（Pharus）、水穗草属（Joinvillea）、异颖草属（Ecdeiocolea）和香蒲属（Typha）的物种进行了基因组测序，以探究这些代谢创新相对于禾本科起源的时间及演化方式。导致所有禾本科植物最后共同祖先的谱系中发生的ρ全基因组复制事件（ρWGD），促进了细胞质淀粉生物合成相关基因家族的扩张；而苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）较早发生串联重复，产生了负责木质素双合成的苯丙氨酸/酪氨酸解氨酶（PTAL）。在系统基因组分析指导下开展的整合生化、功能和结构研究进一步揭示了禾本科进化前关键代谢创新的分子基础。
『总结』
对多种植物进行基因组测序，发现ρ全基因组复制事件促进淀粉生物合成基因家族扩张，PAL串联重复产生PTAL负责木质素双合成，还揭示了禾本科进化前关键代谢创新的分子基础。
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21. TGW1a基因位点可同时缩短水稻生长周期并提高稻谷产量
TGW1a locus simultaneously shortens growth duration and boosts grain yield in rice
『Abstract』Reconciling the trade-off between short growth duration and high grain yield is essential for enhancing annual rice yields. We found that qTGW1a, encoding a flowering locus T-like protein, controls heading and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) underpinning grain weight and yield in rice. TGW1a interacts with and stabilizes Ghd7 and Hd1 to boost NUE and grain yield. Natural variations in the promoter enable the ancestral allele TGW1aJZ to maintain an intermediate level of TGW1a transcription. By decoupling its linkage to the weak grain number regulator Gn1aJZ, TGW1aJZ conferred 3.67 to 8.67 days shorter growth duration and 4.22 to 11.00% higher grain yield in five modern cultivars and derived F1 hybrids. This research uncovers a locus for breeding rice varieties featuring shorter growth durations and higher yields.
『摘要』
协调短生长周期与高粮食产量之间的权衡对于提高水稻年产量至关重要。我们发现，编码类开花素蛋白的qTGW1a基因控制着水稻抽穗期和氮利用效率（NUE），进而影响籽粒重量和产量。TGW1a通过与Ghd7和Hd1相互作用并使其稳定化来提高氮利用效率和籽粒产量。启动子中的自然变异使祖先等位基因TGW1aJZ维持中等水平的TGW1a转录。通过解除其与弱粒数调控因子Gn1aJZ的连锁关系，TGW1aJZ使五个现代品种及其衍生F1杂交种的生长周期缩短3.67至8.67天，同时籽粒产量提高了4.22%至11.00%。本研究揭示了一个可用于培育短生育期、高产水稻品种的基因位点。
『总结』
研究发现qTGW1a基因可协调水稻短生长周期和高产间的矛盾，其通过与特定蛋白互作提升氮利用效率和产量，且该基因的自然变异能缩短生长周期并提高产量，为培育相关水稻品种提供了基因位点。
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22. RAD51稳定中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网以分隔炎症区域
RAD51 stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps to compartmentalize inflammation
『Abstract』Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) feature a branched chromatin architecture whose origin and function remain unknown. We found that NET branching is mediated by RAD51, a protein generating DNA junctions during DNA recombination repair. Pharmacological inhibition, RAD51 knockdown, or GEN1 and RuvC resolvase treatment reduced branching and destabilized NETs, whereas RAD51 up-regulation by different stimuli generated NETs with variable stability. RAD51 inhibition during murine pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection dismantled NETs and reduced lung cytokines. However, the increased accumulation of NET components in the circulation led to interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction in circulating monocytes that exacerbated type 2 inflammation and asthma. Extracellular plasma DNA correlated with IL-6 and eotaxin in human aspergillosis. By structurally stabilizing NETs, RAD51 compartmentalizes inflammation to thwart aberrant systemic immune activation, linking DNA repair to inflammation.
『摘要』
中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NETs）具有分支状染色质结构，但其起源和功能尚不清楚。我们发现，NET的分支是由RAD51介导的，该蛋白在DNA重组修复过程中产生DNA连接点。药物抑制、RAD51敲低或GEN1与RuvC解旋酶处理可减少分支并使NETs不稳定化，而不同刺激引起的RAD51上调则生成稳定性各异的NETs。在小鼠肺烟曲霉感染期间抑制RAD51会破坏NETs并降低肺部细胞因子水平。然而，循环中NET成分的积累增加会导致循环单核细胞诱导白细胞介素-6（IL-6），进而加剧2型炎症和哮喘。在人曲霉菌病中，细胞外血浆DNA与IL-6及嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子相关联。通过从结构上稳定NETs，RAD51将炎症局限在一定范围内以阻止异常的系统性免疫激活，从而将DNA修复与炎症联系起来。
『总结』
中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NETs）的分支由RAD51介导，其调控影响NETs稳定性及炎症反应，RAD51通过稳定NETs限制炎症范围，防止系统性免疫过度激活，揭示了DNA修复机制与炎症之间的联系。
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23. 反式调控基因图谱确定哮喘致病驱动因素优先级
Trans-regulatory gene mapping prioritizes disease drivers in asthma
『Abstract』Deciphering which genes are most important to disease etiology is a central challenge in human genetics. While genome-wide association studies have cataloged thousands of variants, it's been proposed that most are indirect regulators of a limited, currently unidentified set of central disease-driving genes, defined here as disease-proximal genes (DPGs). Here, we introduce DANDELION, a mediation-inspired statistical framework that prioritizes DPGs by integrating trans-regulatory effects from disease-relevant tissues with gene-level burden from whole-exome sequencing. Applying DANDELION to asthma uncovers novel DPGs that escape detection by conventional methods. CRISPR screens in epithelial and T cells find that most DPGs regulate key asthma-related cellular phenotypes. We also demonstrate that loss of two DPGs, SLC27A3 and SCD, affects inflammation and airway remodeling in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Our study establishes DANDELION as a powerful framework for prioritizing novel, therapeutically actionable genes and pathways underlying disease pathogenesis.
『摘要』
确定哪些基因对疾病病因最为关键，是人类遗传学领域面临的核心挑战。尽管全基因组关联研究已记录了数千个变异位点，但有观点认为，其中大多数是当前尚未明确的一组核心致病基因的间接调控因子，这些核心致病基因在此定义为疾病近端基因（DPGs）。本文介绍了DANDELION——一种受中介分析启发的统计框架，该框架通过整合来自疾病相关组织的反式调控效应与全外显子测序得出的基因水平负担，来优先识别疾病近端基因。将DANDELION应用于哮喘研究中，发现了传统方法无法检测到的新型疾病近端基因。在上皮细胞和T细胞中进行的CRISPR筛选发现，多数疾病近端基因可调节关键的哮喘相关细胞表型。我们还证明，在小鼠过敏性哮喘模型中，SLC27A3和SCD这两种疾病近端基因的缺失会影响炎症反应和气道重塑。本研究确立了DANDELION作为优先识别新型、具有治疗潜力的疾病发病机制相关基因及通路的有力工具。
『总结』
人类遗传学确定关键致病基因面临挑战，本文介绍统计框架DANDELION，将其用于哮喘研究发现了新疾病近端基因，且经实验验证其作用，为疾病研究提供有力工具。
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24. 骨骼健康与修复中骨淋巴管的多模态证据
Multimodal evidence for bone lymphatics in skeletal health and repair
『Abstract』Previous studies predominantly associated lymphatics with skeletal disease and bone loss. However, building on our work, bone lymphatics are emerging as a paradigm-shifting component of the skeletal microenvironment, illustrating their role as positive regulators of bone mass and repair. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis integrating spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and imaging across murine and human bones. Spatial transcriptomics identifies Prox1+ endothelial cells embedded within bone. Reanalysis of multiple scRNA-seq datasets confirms Prox1+ lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in bones, despite their underrepresentation in soft-tissue endothelial cell atlases. Periosteum is an insufficient source for bone lymphatics because it contains only sparse LECs. Our analyses further demonstrate that certain mouse models lack the sensitivity required to detect bone lymphatics and highlight the importance of high-resolution imaging. Collectively, convergent multimodal evidence substantiates LECs as an integral functional component of the skeletal microenvironment. This Matters Arising Response paper addresses the Meng et al. (2026) Matters Arising paper, published concurrently in this issue.
『摘要』
既往研究主要将淋巴系统与骨骼疾病及骨丢失相关联。然而，基于我们的研究，骨淋巴管正成为骨骼微环境中具有范式转变意义的组成部分，彰显了其作为骨量和修复正向调控因子的作用。本研究对小鼠和人类骨骼进行了空间转录组学、单细胞RNA测序以及成像技术的综合分析。空间转录组学发现骨组织中存在Prox1+内皮细胞。重新分析多个单细胞RNA测序数据集证实了骨组织中存在Prox1+淋巴管内皮细胞（LECs），尽管在软组织内皮细胞图谱中这类细胞的代表性不足。骨膜并非骨淋巴管的充足来源，因为其中仅含有少量淋巴管内皮细胞。我们的分析进一步表明，某些小鼠模型缺乏检测骨淋巴管所需的敏感性，凸显了高分辨率成像的重要性。总体而言，多模态的趋同证据证实了淋巴管内皮细胞是骨骼微环境不可或缺的功能性组成部分。本回应文章针对本期同时发表的Meng等人（2026）的质疑文章作出答复。
『总结』
既往认为淋巴系统主要关联骨骼疾病和骨丢失，而新研究表明骨淋巴管是骨骼微环境重要部分，能正向调节骨量和促进修复，通过多种技术分析证实了淋巴管内皮细胞是骨骼微环境功能性成分，本文是对同期相关质疑文章的回应。
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25. 淋巴管在疾病状态下侵入骨骼，但在健康和再生状态下则不存在
Lymphatic vessels invade bone in disease but are absent in health and regeneration
『Abstract』A recent study reported the existence of lymphatic vessels in normal bone and suggested their involvement in bone regeneration after injury. However, this conclusion was based on approaches that do not allow unequivocal identification of the spatial localization of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Here, we employed a Prox1-based genetic tool and a dual-recombinase-mediated LEC-specific labeling system to trace lymphatic vessels with high specificity. We found that LECs are present in the connective tissues, including the periosteum surrounding the bone. However, they do not reside within the bone itself, nor do they penetrate the periosteum to facilitate bone regeneration after injury. By contrast, hyperplastic LECs on the bone surface breach the periosteum and invade bone tissue in mouse models of generalized lymphatic anomaly and Gorham-Stout disease. These data demonstrate that lymphatic vessels are absent from bone during homeostasis and regeneration after injury but invade bone during disease. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Biswas et al. (2023), published in Cell. See also the response by Yang et al. (2026), published in this issue.
『摘要』
近期一项研究报告称正常骨骼中存在淋巴管，并暗示其参与损伤后的骨再生。然而，该结论基于无法明确鉴定淋巴管内皮细胞（LECs）空间定位的方法得出。本研究采用Prox1基因工具和双重组酶介导的LEC特异性标记系统，实现了对淋巴管的高特异性追踪。研究发现，LECs存在于包括骨膜在内的结缔组织中，但既不分布于骨组织内部，也不会穿透骨膜促进损伤后骨再生。相反，在全身性淋巴管异常和Gorham-Stout病小鼠模型中，骨表面过度增殖的LECs会突破骨膜侵入骨组织。这些数据表明，在稳态及损伤修复过程中骨骼内不存在淋巴管，仅在疾病状态下才会出现淋巴管浸润骨组织的现象。本文是对Biswas等（2023年发表于《Cell》）研究的回应，同期刊载了Yang等（2026）的回复文章。
『总结』
研究通过高特异性标记技术证实正常骨骼及损伤修复过程中无淋巴管分布，仅在特定疾病状态下观察到淋巴管浸润骨组织现象。
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26. 用于宿主-病原体相互作用系统水平遗传剖析的病毒ORFeome文库
A viral ORFeome library for systems-level genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions
『Abstract』Virological research has traditionally focused on individual viruses or viral families. Advances in DNA synthesis now allow large-scale construction of individual gene products, enabling systematic exploration of the virome. Here, we developed a barcoded library of ∼12,000 viral open reading frames (vORFs) from 513 viral species, which we leveraged to identify hundreds of viral regulators of cellular proliferation, MHC class I antigen presentation, and interferon signaling. Integrating results across these screens revealed unique phenotypic profiles and functional vORF modules, allowing the in-depth characterization of two previously uncharacterized viral proteins, MC162R and Yaba-like disease virus (YLDV) 151R, which impair MHC class I antigen presentation and interferon (IFN)-β signaling, respectively. Together, the viral ORFeome provides a scalable framework for dissecting viral protein function across the breadth of the virome.
『摘要』
病毒学研究传统上侧重于单个病毒或病毒家族。DNA合成技术的进步现在允许大规模构建单个基因产物，从而能够对病毒组进行系统探索。在此，我们开发了一个包含来自513种病毒的约12,000个病毒开放阅读框（vORFs）的条形码文库，并利用该文库确定了数百个调控细胞增殖、主要组织相容性复合体I类（MHC class I）抗原呈递和干扰素信号传导的病毒调节因子。整合这些筛选结果揭示了独特的表型特征和功能性vORF模块，使我们能够深入表征两种先前未被研究的病毒蛋白——MC162R和雅巴样病病毒（Yaba-like disease virus，YLDV）151R，它们分别损害MHC class I抗原呈递和干扰素β（IFN-β）信号传导。总之，病毒开放阅读框组为全面解析病毒蛋白质功能提供了可扩展的研究框架。
『总结』
研究开发含约1.2万个病毒开放阅读框的条形码文库，确定数百个调控细胞相关过程的病毒调节因子，揭示独特表型与功能模块，能深入表征两种未研究病毒蛋白，为解析病毒蛋白功能提供框架。
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27. 人类病原体及其通路中病原体效应蛋白功能的系统性发现
Systematic discovery of pathogen effector functions across human pathogens and pathways
『Abstract』Pathogens deploy effector proteins to exploit host cell biology, and most effector open reading frames (ORFs) are rapidly evolving and lack functional annotation. We developed the effector ORFeome (eORFeome), a scalable functional genomics platform encompassing 3,835 effector ORFs from diverse viruses, bacteria, and parasites. High-throughput barcoded screens across nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), apoptosis, p53, cGAS-STING, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) pathways revealed novel pathway-modulating functions for hundreds of uncharacterized eORFs, unexpected activities of known effectors, and distinct pathway-specific functions encoded by single ORFs. Illustrating the power of this approach, we identified HHV6A U14 as a p53 antagonist, HHV7 U21 as a dual-function STING antagonist and MHC-I antigen display inhibitor, and adenoviral 13.6K/i-leader protein as a de novo-evolved TAP inhibitor that suppresses MHC-I display. These results establish a general framework for systematic effector annotation, uncover new mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction across kingdoms, and highlight pathogen effectors as a versatile toolkit for rewiring and probing human cellular pathways.
『摘要』
病原体利用效应蛋白来利用宿主细胞生物学特性，且大多数效应蛋白开放阅读框（ORFs）进化迅速且缺乏功能注释。我们开发了效应蛋白开放阅读框组（eORFeome），这是一个可扩展的功能基因组学平台，涵盖了来自不同病毒、细菌和寄生虫的3835个效应蛋白开放阅读框。通过针对核因子κB（NF-κB）、细胞凋亡、p53、环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶-干扰素基因刺激因子（cGAS-STING）以及主要组织相容性复合体I类（MHC I类）通路的高通量条形码筛选，我们发现数百个未被表征的eORF具有新的通路调控功能，已知效应蛋白具有意想不到的活性，并且单个开放阅读框编码有独特的通路特异性功能。为了说明这种方法的力量，我们确定人疱疹病毒6A型（HHV6A）U14是p53拮抗剂，人疱疹病毒7型（HHV7）U21是具有双重功能的STING拮抗剂和MHC-I抗原呈递抑制剂，腺病毒的13.6K/i-leader蛋白是新进化的TAP抑制剂，可抑制MHC-I呈递。这些结果为系统性的效应蛋白注释建立了一个通用框架，揭示了跨界的宿主与病原体相互作用的新机制，并强调了病原体效应蛋白作为重编程和探究人类细胞通路的多功能工具包的重要性。
『总结』
研究开发了包含多种病原体效应蛋白开放阅读框的eORFeome平台，经高通量筛选发现众多未知及已知效应蛋白新功能，建立了系统性注释框架，揭示了宿主与病原体相互作用新机制，凸显其作为多功能工具包的价值。
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28. 复发胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）接受CAR T细胞治疗后内源性免疫系统发挥的关键作用
The critical role of the endogenous immune compartment after CAR T cell therapy in recurrent GBM
『Abstract』Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of under 15 months and no effective treatment after recurrence. A recent phase 1 trial of intracerebroventricular bivalent chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in recurrent GBM, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05168423), showed promising responses, including tumor reduction and prolonged survival. However, relapse remains common. We performed in-depth profiling of longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tumor samples from responders and non-responders to characterize immune dynamics following infusion. Our study reveals that, although CAR T cells activate post infusion across all patients, outcomes were defined by divergent remodeling of the endogenous immune landscape. Cytotoxic natural killer cell expansion characterized responders, whereas regulatory T cell expansion and abundant baseline immunosuppressive scavenger myeloid cells characterized non-responders. These findings indicate that host immune cells play a critical role in CAR T cell therapy for GBM, suggesting that combinatorial strategies modulating the endogenous immune compartment could improve next-generation treatments.
『摘要』
胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是成人最常见的原发性恶性脑肿瘤，中位生存期不足15个月，且复发后尚无有效治疗方法。最近一项在ClinicalTrials.gov注册的针对复发性胶质母细胞瘤的1期试验（NCT05168423），采用脑室内注射双价嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞疗法，显示出良好反应，包括肿瘤缩小和生存期延长。然而，复发仍然常见。我们对有反应者和无反应者的纵向脑脊液（CSF）及肿瘤样本进行了深入分析，以表征输注后的免疫动态变化。我们的研究表明，尽管所有患者输注后CAR T细胞均被激活，但结果取决于内源性免疫环境的差异重塑。有反应者表现为细胞毒性自然杀伤细胞扩增，而无反应者则表现为调节性T细胞扩增以及基线时存在大量免疫抑制性清道夫髓样细胞。这些发现表明，宿主免疫细胞在GBM的CAR T细胞治疗中发挥关键作用，提示通过调控内源性免疫组分的联合策略可能改善下一代治疗方案。
『总结』
研究揭示了CAR T细胞治疗GBM中宿主免疫细胞的双重角色，指出通过调控内源性免疫环境可优化疗效。
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29. 基于朊病毒的蛋白质自组装调控突变生成以实现快速适应
Prion-based protein self-assembly tunes mutagenesis to enable rapid adaptation
『Abstract』Mutations supply the raw material for evolution, yet because most are neutral or deleterious, elevated mutation rates are typically transient. Nonetheless, modeling predicts that a mechanism for heritable but reversible "mutagenesis switches" would be advantageous in some selective contexts. Here, we report that frequent prion-based switching of DNA repair and recombination proteins alters mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations from diverse ecological niches, including the laboratory and clinic, providing adaptive benefits in short-term evolution under strong selective pressure. Self-templating protein assembly alters the activities and interactions of multiple DNA-fidelity factors, reshaping adaptive outcomes while maintaining resilience to genotoxic stress. In the WHO priority pathogen Candida albicans, which diverged from S. cerevisiae ∼300 million years ago, a key regulator of prion inheritance accelerates the rapid emergence of fluconazole resistance. These findings suggest that protein self-assembly can generate epigenetic memory that tunes genome diversification over multiple generations, enabling rapid adaptation in challenging environments.
『摘要』
突变是进化的原材料，然而由于大多数突变是中性的或有害的，因此升高的突变率通常是短暂的。尽管如此，模型预测在某些选择情境下，一种可遗传但可逆的“诱变开关”机制将是有利的。本研究发现，在来自不同生态位（包括实验室和临床环境）的酿酒酵母群体中，基于朊病毒的DNA修复和重组蛋白频繁转换会改变其诱变情况，从而在强选择性压力下的短期进化过程中提供适应性优势。自我模板化蛋白质组装改变了多种DNA保真因子的活性和相互作用，重塑了适应性结果，同时保持了对基因组毒性应激的恢复能力。在世界卫生组织优先病原体白色念珠菌（与酿酒酵母约3亿年前分化而来）中，朊病毒遗传的一个关键调控因子加速了氟康唑耐药性的快速出现。这些发现表明，蛋白质自组装可以产生表观遗传记忆，这种记忆能在多代间调节基因组多样化，使生物体能够在具有挑战性的环境中迅速适应。
『总结』
研究发现基于朊病毒的蛋白质自组装能通过“诱变开关”机制调节DNA修复/重组活动，在酿酒酵母和白色念珠菌中分别促进短期适应性进化和药物抗性演化，揭示了表观遗传记忆驱动跨代基因组多样化的新路径。
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30. 1342-1343年席卷欧洲大陆的大规模洪水
Cascading continental-scale floods across Europe in 1342-1343
『Abstract』Europe has experienced extreme floods in recent decades. However, even larger floods are possible and must be considered in flood risk management. Their characteristics can be clarified by analysing the largest documented historical floods. In Central Europe, the Magdalena Flood of July 1342 is usually considered the largest of the last millennium; however, knowledge of its characteristics is incomplete. Here we show that 16 major flood events occurred across much of Europe between late 1341 and 1343. Four of these events had return periods of 500-1,000 years (the Magdalena, Bartholomew, Candlemas and Jacob Floods). Although Magdalena was thought previously to be the only extreme European flood in 13423,7, our new documentary dataset suggests that it formed part of a broader sequence. The year with the greatest number of extreme floods during the past 700 years was 1342, and 1343 ranks among the top ten. This highly unusual sequence of floods had substantial socio-economic impacts, including a paradigm shift in flood mitigation measures in Europe. A series of volcanic eruptions along with multi-annual Arctic sea ice retreat is a plausible cause of this flood sequence. Clusters of extreme floods occurring within a few months are rarely considered in risk management. Quick and proactive risk strategies are needed that account for this eventuality.
『摘要』
近几十年来，欧洲经历了极端洪水。然而，更大的洪水仍有可能发生，必须在洪水风险管理中加以考虑。通过分析有记录的最大历史洪水事件，可以明确其特征。在中欧，1342年7月的马格达莱纳洪水通常被认为是过去一千年里最大的一次；然而，人们对它的特征了解并不全面。本研究表明，在1341年末至1343年间，欧洲大部分地区发生了16次重大洪水事件。其中四次洪水的重现期为500-1000年（即马格达莱纳、巴塞洛缪、圣烛和雅各布洪水）。尽管此前人们认为马格达莱纳是1342年欧洲唯一的极端洪水事件，但新的文献数据集显示，它是一系列更广泛洪水事件的一部分。在过去700年中，1342年是发生极端洪水次数最多的一年，而1343年也位列前十。这一极不寻常的洪水序列产生了巨大的社会经济影响，包括促使欧洲采取防洪措施的范式转变。一系列火山喷发以及多年北极海冰消退可能是造成此次洪水序列的原因。风险管理中很少考虑到几个月内连续发生的极端洪水集群。需要制定快速且主动的风险应对策略来应对这种可能性。
『总结』
近几十年欧洲经历极端洪水，更大洪水需纳入管理考量。研究表明1341年末到1343年欧洲多地发生16次重大洪水，1342年极端洪水次数最多，1343年位列前十，此洪水序列影响大，可能由火山喷发和北极海冰消退导致，风险管理中应重视此类情况并制定相应策略。
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31. 具有单一CuO<sub>2</sub>平面的二维超导铜酸盐
Superconducting 2D cuprate with a single CuO<sub>2</sub> plane
『Abstract』Atomically thin van der Waals crystals epitomize ideal material systems in the two-dimensional (2D) limit. This reduction in dimensionality often leads to important consequences, best exemplified by the emergence of new physics in graphene and other 2D materials that can be readily tuned by gating. Vast opportunities arise in extending this top-down approach to other material systems. Recent experiments have demonstrated that the essential physics of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates is contained within just two CuO2 planes. Here we push dimensionality reduction to the extreme by examining a single layer of Bi2Sr2CuO6+δ (Bi-2201), which comprises only one CuO2 plane. In this ultimate 2D limit, we observe a robust dimensionality effect that manifests as an approximately 10% reduction in the optimal superconducting transition temperature. Moreover, this reduction in dimensionality offers unprecedented tunability-we successfully extended the phase diagram of Bi-2201 into uncharted territories via finely controlled oxygenation of single-monolayer specimens. Leveraging this tunability, we discovered that an anomalous metal state emerges between the insulating and superconducting states as the temperature approaches zero. Concurrently, we observe an anomalous scaling behaviour characterized by a divergent critical exponent. These findings illuminate the nature of the superconductor-to-insulator quantum phase transition in cuprates.
『摘要』
原子级薄的范德华晶体是二维（2D）极限下理想材料体系的典型代表。这种维度降低往往会产生重要影响，石墨烯和其他可通过门控轻松调节的二维材料中出现的新物理现象就是最好的例证。将这种自上而下的方法扩展到其他材料体系蕴含着巨大机遇。近期实验表明，铜酸盐高温超导性的基本物理机制仅存在于两个CuO₂平面内。本研究通过考察仅含一个CuO₂平面的单层Bi₂Sr₂CuO₆+δ（Bi-2201），将维度缩减推向极致。在此终极二维极限下，我们观察到显著的维度效应——最佳超导转变温度降低了约10%。此外，维度降低提供了前所未有的可调控性：通过对单分子层样品进行精细氧控制，成功将Bi-2201相图拓展至未知领域。利用这一特性，我们发现当温度趋近于零时，绝缘态与超导态之间会出现一种反常金属态。同时，我们还观察到以发散临界指数为特征的反常标度行为。这些发现揭示了铜酸盐中超导体-绝缘体量子相变的本质。
『总结』
原子级薄的范德华晶体是理想的二维材料体系，研究通过考察单层Bi-2201发现维度降低会显著影响超导性能，包括最佳超导转变温度下降、相图可调控性增强，以及在接近绝对零度时出现反常金属态和异常标度行为，揭示了铜酸盐超导体-绝缘体量子相变机制。
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