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1. 基于宇宙质子的外层空间条约核查

Verification of the Outer Space Treaty with cosmic protons

Danagoulian A.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』The Outer Space Treaty (OST) was opened to signatures in 1967 and, since then, 117 countries, including China, the USA and Russia, have become part of it. Among other stipulations, the treaty bans the placement of nuclear weapons in outer space. Recently, the US government has raised worries that Russia is testing nuclear-armed anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) components, with the possibility that it will place a nuclear weapon in space. Such a device, if detonated, would destroy most of the satellites in the low Earth orbit. This danger is compounded by the lack of a verification mechanism for the OST. No methodologies of verification have been proposed in the open peer-reviewed literature. Here a concept and feasibility study is presented for verifying a satellite's compliance to the OST by observing the neutrons induced by spallation from the approximately GeV protons in the inner Van Allen radiation belts. The calculations show that a 9U-CubeSat-sized detection platform can identify a thermonuclear weapon from a distance of 4 km in approximately one week of observation. This conceptual study will stimulate and inform future research and development of verification platforms for the OST.

『摘要』 《外层空间条约》（OST）于1967年开放签署，此后包括中国、美国和俄罗斯在内的117个国家成为缔约国。该条约除其他规定外，禁止在外层空间部署核武器。近期，美国政府担忧俄罗斯正在测试核武装反卫星武器（ASAT）组件，并可能将核武器送入太空。此类装置若引爆，将摧毁低地球轨道上的大部分卫星。而《外层空间条约》缺乏核查机制，加剧了这一危险。在公开的同行评审文献中尚未提出任何核查方法。本文提出一项概念与可行性研究，通过观测内范艾伦辐射带中约GeV质子散裂产生的中子，来核查卫星对条约的遵守情况。计算表明，一个9U立方星大小的探测平台可在约一周的观测时间内，从4公里距离识别出热核武器。这项概念研究将激发并指导未来《外层空间条约》核查平台的研发。

『总结』 本文提出利用中子探测技术核查卫星是否遵守《外层空间条约》，并证明立方星平台可在近距离一周内识别出热核武器。

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2. 在量子硬件上通过编织和融合任意子实现通用量子门

Universal gates from braiding and fusing anyons on quantum hardware

Lo CFB, Lyons A, Gresh D, ... , Vishwanath A, Verresen R, Iqbal M.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』A quantum computer requires the ability to store and manipulate information globally to protect against local noise. Topologically ordered phases offer two routes: encoding information in the ground-state subspace or in anyonic excitations. The toric code exemplifies the first approach but does not intrinsically support a universal gate set. The latter-topological quantum computation-implements gates by braiding non-Abelian anyons around each other. However, the simplest non-Abelian generalizations of the toric code cannot achieve universality by braiding alone. Here we demonstrate that anyon fusion, used as a computational primitive, renders these minimally non-Abelian topologically ordered states universal. We prepare a 54-qubit ground state of the quantum double of S₃, the smallest non-Abelian group, on the H2 processor of Quantinuum. We encode logical information in the global fusion space of non-Abelian anyons, and by combining braiding with fusion, we realize a universal topological gate set and read-out, which we demonstrate by topologically preparing a magic state. This demonstrates that the S₃ topologically ordered state is scalably preparable, yet rich enough to support a universal gate set. More broadly, this work opens up new pathways for harnessing the intrinsic properties of quantum matter to manipulate quantum information.

『摘要』 量子计算机需要具备全局存储和操作信息的能力，以抵御局部噪声。拓扑有序相提供了两条途径：将信息编码在基态子空间或任意子激发态中。环形码是第一种方法的典型例子，但本质上不支持通用门集。后一种方法即拓扑量子计算，通过将非阿贝尔任意子相互编织来实现门操作。然而，环形码最简单的非阿贝尔推广仅通过编织无法实现通用性。本文展示了将任意子融合作为计算基元，可使这些最小非阿贝尔拓扑有序态具备通用性。我们在Quantinuum的H2处理器上制备了非阿贝尔群S₃量子双模型的54量子比特基态，将逻辑信息编码在非阿贝尔任意子的全局融合空间中，通过结合编织与融合操作，实现了通用拓扑门集和读取，并通过拓扑制备魔法态证明了这一点。这表明S₃拓扑有序态具有可扩展制备性，且足够丰富以支持通用门集。更广泛地说，这项工作为利用量子物质的内在特性操纵量子信息开辟了新途径。

『总结』 本文通过结合非阿贝尔任意子的编织与融合操作，实现了基于S₃群量子双模型的通用拓扑量子计算，验证了其可扩展性并开辟了量子信息处理的新路径。

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3. 人们使用快速且扁平化的模拟方式来推理新游戏

People use fast and flat simulation to reason about new games

Collins KM, Zhang CE, Wong L, ... , Cheyette SJ, Griffiths TL, Tenenbaum JB.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Games have long been a microcosm for studying planning and reasoning in both natural and artificial intelligence, often focusing on expert-level or even super-human play. But real life also pushes human intelligence along a different frontier, requiring people to flexibly navigate decision-making problems that they have never thought about before. Here we use novice gameplay to study how people reason about new problem settings. Through a series of large-scale behavioural studies with over 1,000 participants and 121 two-player strategic board games (almost all novel to our participants), we show that people are systematic and adaptively rational in how they play a game for the first time or evaluate a game (for example, how fair or how fun it is likely to be) before they have played it even once. We explain these capacities via a computational cognitive model that we call the 'Intuitive Gamer': a model based on mechanisms of fast and flat (depth-limited) goal-directed probabilistic simulation. Our work offers insights into how people rapidly evaluate, act and make suggestions when encountering novel problems, and could inform the design of more flexible and human-like artificial intelligence systems that can determine not just how to solve new tasks but also whether a task is worth thinking about at all.

『摘要』 长期以来，游戏一直是研究自然智能和人工智能中规划与推理的缩影，研究重点往往在于专家水平甚至超人类水平的游戏表现。但现实生活也推动人类智能向另一前沿发展，要求人们灵活应对从未思考过的决策问题。本文利用新手游戏玩法来研究人们如何对新问题情境进行推理。通过一系列大规模行为研究（参与者超过1000人，涉及121款两人策略棋盘游戏，其中几乎所有游戏对参与者来说都是全新的），我们发现，人们首次玩游戏或甚至在未玩过游戏前就对游戏进行评估（例如，游戏可能有多公平或多有趣）时，其表现具有系统性和适应性理性。我们通过一个计算认知模型解释了这些能力，该模型被称为“直觉玩家”：一种基于快速且扁平（深度有限）的目标导向概率模拟机制的模型。我们的研究为人们遇到新问题时如何快速评估、行动和提出建议提供了见解，并可为设计更加灵活、类人的人工智能系统提供参考，这些系统不仅能确定如何解决新任务，还能判断某个任务是否值得思考。

『总结』 通过大规模行为研究及“直觉玩家”计算认知模型，研究揭示了人类在面对新问题时如何快速评估与决策，为设计更灵活、类人的人工智能系统提供了新思路。

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4. 弗洛凯（Floquet）旋转超辐射观测

Observation of Floquet rotational super-radiance

Nasari H, Moussa H, Kasahara Y, Thielens A, Alu A.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Time-driven systems provide a framework for controlling waves through spatio-temporal modulation, which enables the synthesis of effective motion without mechanical displacement. Within this framework, travelling-wave modulations can emulate moving media and give rise to phenomena such as Doppler-induced non-reciprocity. A related effect is the extraction of energy from rotating media, which has been theoretically predicted to occur when waves experience sufficiently large rotational Doppler shifts. Experimental access to this regime has remained limited due to the extreme rotation speeds required in mechanically rotating systems. Here we show that Floquet-induced rotation enables access to such ultrafast rotational regimes using purely spatio-temporal modulation. When spinning at effective superluminal speeds, angular-momentum bandgaps emerge in the band structure of the underlying space-time crystal. These gaps host parametric processes that efficiently extract energy from the Floquet-rotating medium, resulting in angular-momentum-selective amplification of orbital waves within a dissipation-shaped spectral bandwidth. We realize this effect experimentally in a ring network of time-modulated resonators, where we observe a Floquet regime of rotational super-radiance mediated by non-Hermitian and parametric dynamics in space-time structured media. These results demonstrate a controllable platform for studying rotational energy transfer and angular-momentum-dependent wave amplification in space-time-modulated media.

『摘要』 时间驱动系统提供了一个通过时空调制控制波的框架，该框架无需机械位移即可实现有效运动的合成。在这一框架内，行波调制能够模拟运动介质，并引发如多普勒诱导的非互易性等现象。与之相关的一个效应是从旋转介质中提取能量，理论上预测当波经历足够大的旋转多普勒频移时会发生这一现象。然而，由于机械旋转系统所需的极高转速，实验上实现这一状态一直受到限制。本文展示了弗洛凯诱导旋转能够利用纯时空调制进入这种超高速旋转状态。当以有效超光速旋转时，在基础时空晶体的能带结构中会出现角动量带隙。这些带隙中会发生参量过程，可有效地从弗洛凯旋转介质中提取能量，导致在由耗散决定的频带宽度内轨道波的角动量选择性放大。我们在一个由时空调制谐振器组成的环形网络中实验实现了这一效应，观察到由时空结构介质中的非厄米和参量动力学介导的旋转超辐射的弗洛凯状态。这些结果为研究时空调制介质中的旋转能量转移和角动量依赖的波放大提供了一个可控平台。

『总结』 时间驱动系统利用时空调制控制波，弗洛凯诱导旋转可实现超高速旋转状态，在时空晶体能带结构中产生角动量带隙，实现角动量选择性放大，研究为时空调制介质中旋转能量转移和角动量依赖的波放大提供可控平台。

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5. 异构多氢键助力蓝色钙钛矿发光二极管

Isomeric multi-hydrogen-bonding enables blue perovskite LEDs

Wang Y, Zhang C, Yang Y, ... , Bruhacs A, Wang N, Yang X.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Despite huge progress accomplished in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the electroluminescence performance of blue PeLEDs lags far behind, constraining the widespread application of PeLED technology for vibrant full-colour displays. The wider bandgaps of blue emitters require higher working voltages of corresponding electroluminescent devices, intensifying the octahedral instability of perovskites with ionic nature. Here we report efficient and stable PeLEDs with saturated blue emissions by constructing hydrogen-bonding networks formed within perovskite and at the interface using isomeric molecules. The O-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (OBCl) between the hole transport layer and the emitter acts as hydrogen-bonding donor, binding to the perovskite inorganic framework, which enhances the perovskite structural stability and decreases the hole energy barrier due to the large dipole moment. The isomeric N-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (NBCl) added into the perovskite provides acceptor and donor sites for forming hydrogen bonding with the OB⁺ and the perovskite. The isomeric molecular hydrogen bonding reinforces the preferential orientation of perovskite films induced by OB⁺ interfacial molecules, improving the carrier mobility and further enhancing material stability. We demonstrate, as a result, blue PeLEDs with external quantum efficiencies of 16.8% at 463 nm and 22.0% at 468 nm, as well as significantly improved device stability, representing state-of-the-art performance among pure- and deep-blue PeLEDs.

『摘要』 尽管钙钛矿发光二极管（PeLEDs）已取得巨大进展，但蓝色PeLEDs的电致发光性能仍远远落后，限制了PeLED技术在鲜艳全彩显示器中的广泛应用。蓝色发光体的宽带隙要求相应电致发光器件具有更高的工作电压，加剧了具有离子性质的钙钛矿的八面体不稳定性。本文报道了通过在钙钛矿内部和界面处使用异构分子构建氢键网络，实现了具有饱和蓝光发射的高效稳定PeLEDs。空穴传输层与发光层之间的O-苄基羟胺盐酸盐（OBCl）作为氢键供体，与钙钛矿无机框架结合，增强了钙钛矿的结构稳定性，并因其大偶极矩而降低了空穴能垒。将异构的N-苄基羟胺盐酸盐（NBCl）加入钙钛矿中，为与OB⁺和钙钛矿形成氢键提供了受体和供体位点。异构分子氢键增强了由OB⁺界面分子诱导的钙钛矿薄膜的择优取向，提高了载流子迁移率，并进一步增强了材料稳定性。结果显示，蓝色PeLEDs在463 nm和468 nm波长下分别实现了16.8%和22.0%的外量子效率，且器件稳定性显著提高，代表了纯蓝色和深蓝色PeLEDs中的先进性能。

『总结』 通过构建异构分子氢键网络，实现了高效稳定且外量子效率高的蓝色钙钛矿发光二极管。

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6. 单相梯度溶剂化-电解质稳定锂金属电池

Single-phase gradient-solvation-electrolyte-stabilized Li metal batteries

Yang W, Cai J, Chen A, Li X, He P, Zhou H.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Ether-based electrolytes have shown great success for lithium metal electrodes. However, during the charging process of high-voltage full cells, the desolvation of solvents and anions to accommodate Li ions released from the positive electrode exacerbates oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte. In addition, the continuous consumption of components over extended cycling substantially alters the solvation structure, resulting in deteriorating redox stability. Here we incorporate a targeted ligand anti-solvent (TLAS) into an anion-rich ether-based electrolyte. The TLAS barely participates in the solvation of Li⁺ owing to its relatively weaker association ability in a static state. Under the strong electric field of high-voltage full cells, the orientation and distribution of the TLAS undergo substantial transformation, with coordination ability activated on the positive electrode surface. The TLAS-mediated dynamic solvation behaviour bypasses the inherent decoordination and recoordination of solvents and anions on the positive electrode in conventional electrolyte systems, thus minimizing electrolyte reconstruction and interphase deterioration. Leveraging this gradient solvation electrolyte, we develop a 450 Wh kg^-1 lithium metal pouch cell that achieves a long cycle life exceeding 750 cycles (80% capacity retention). Furthermore, we validated a lithium metal pouch cell with a high energy density of 605 Wh kg^-1, which achieves 150 cycles with 96% capacity retention. This gradient solvation strategy provides a feasible pathway of electrolyte engineering for metal-ion batteries.

『摘要』 基于醚类的电解质在锂金属电极上取得了巨大成功。然而，在高压全电池充电过程中，溶剂和阴离子为容纳正极释放的锂离子而发生去溶剂化，加剧了电解质的氧化分解。此外，长时间循环过程中组分的持续消耗会显著改变溶剂化结构，导致氧化还原稳定性下降。本研究将一种靶向配体反溶剂（TLAS）引入富阴离子醚基电解质中。由于在静态下相对较弱的结合能力，TLAS几乎不参与锂离子的溶剂化。在高压全电池强电场作用下，TLAS的取向和分布发生显著变化，在正极表面激活配位能力。TLAS介导的动态溶剂化行为绕过了传统电解质体系中溶剂和阴离子在正极表面固有的去配位和再配位过程，从而最小化电解质重构和界面劣化。利用这种梯度溶剂化电解质，我们开发了一种能量密度为450 Wh kg^-1的锂金属软包电池，其循环寿命超过750次（容量保持率80%）。此外，我们还验证了一种能量密度高达605 Wh kg^-1的锂金属软包电池，其在150次循环后容量保持率仍达96%。这种梯度溶剂化策略为金属离子电池的电解质工程提供了一条可行途径。

『总结』 将靶向配体反溶剂引入富阴离子醚基电解质，通过动态溶剂化行为减少电解质重构和界面劣化，开发出高能量密度和长循环寿命的锂金属软包电池，为金属离子电池电解质工程提供新途径。

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7. 双轴应力作用下固体电解质中的枝晶萌生与偏转

Dendrite initiation and deflection in biaxially stressed solid electrolytes

Cui T, Wang S, Lee SS, ... , Lee JH, Chueh WC, Gu XW.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Lithium-metal solid-state batteries offer advantages of high energy density and improved safety compared with lithium-ion batteries. However, solid-state batteries fail through short-circuiting even at low charging rates (less than 1 mA cm^-) due to lithium dendrite initiation and propagation. The location of dendrite initiation is under debate, particularly regarding whether initiation occurs within the interior of the solid electrolyte or at the surface. Here we develop an in-plane biaxial compression method that provides direct evidence that dendrite initiation occurs within the interior of garnet Li_6.6La₃Zr_1.6Ta_0.4O₁₂ solid electrolytes during long-term cycling when the surface initiation mechanisms are rendered ineffective in shorting the cell. The biaxial compression deflects dendrite propagation so that it is perpendicular to the electric field direction, leading to the generation of an unprecedentedly high density of dendrites without short-circuiting, even at an extreme fast-charging rate of 100 mA cm^-. After long-term cycling, dendrites eventually appeared throughout the entire thickness of the solid electrolyte. Under extreme cycling conditions, isolated lithium deposits are observed at grain-boundary junctions and pores, and these act as the dendrite initiation sites. This work reconciles the surface and interior initiation mechanisms in garnet solid electrolytes and demonstrates that in-plane biaxial compressive stress can prevent both from short-circuiting the cell.

『摘要』 与锂离子电池相比，锂金属固态电池具有高能量密度和安全性提升的优势。然而，由于锂枝晶的萌生和扩展，固态电池即使在低充电速率（小于1 mA cm^-）下也会发生短路。枝晶萌生的位置存在争议，特别是关于萌生是发生在固体电解质内部还是表面。本研究开发了一种面内双轴压缩方法，提供了直接证据，表明在长期循环过程中，当表面萌生机制无法使电池短路时，枝晶萌生发生在石榴石型Li_6.6La₃Zr_1.6Ta_0.4O₁₂固体电解质内部。双轴压缩使枝晶扩展方向垂直于电场方向，从而在极高快充速率（100 mA cm^-）下产生前所未有的高密度枝晶，而不会发生短路。经过长期循环后，枝晶最终出现在整个固体电解质厚度中。在极端循环条件下，在晶界交界处和孔隙中观察到孤立的锂沉积物，这些沉积物成为枝晶萌生的位点。这项工作调和了石榴石固体电解质中表面和内部萌生机制的分歧，并证明了面内双轴压缩应力可以防止这两种机制导致电池短路。

『总结』 本研究通过面内双轴压缩方法证实锂金属固态电池中枝晶萌生于石榴石型固体电解质内部而非表面，该技术通过调控枝晶扩展方向实现高密度枝晶无短路生长，揭示了极端循环条件下晶界处锂沉积物作为萌生位点的机制，并证明双轴压缩应力可同时抑制表面与内部短路路径。

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8. 中等规模的火山喷发和极端野火会使平流层湿润化

Moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires humidify the stratosphere

Peng Y, Randel W, Toon OB, ... , Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Yu P.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Stratospheric water vapour (SWV) is a key greenhouse gas that influences both global climate and stratospheric ozone chemistry. Its abundance is strongly modulated by natural climate variability. Volcanic eruptions have long been expected to humidify the stratosphere via tropopause warming, but observational confirmation has been lacking. Here we provide observational evidence that moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires since 2005 have systematically increased SWV. Both contribute through aerosol-induced tropopause warming; however, extreme wildfires reveal an additional self-lofting pathway that transports water vapour into the stratosphere. Complementary analysis of satellite observations and climate model simulations reveals an SWV enhancement of about 0.1 ppmv at 83 hPa, accumulating 76-203 million tons of water vapour during 2005-2021. This contribution explains 36 ± 7% of the observed SWV trend over this period, comparable to that from the global surface temperature increase. SWV changes induced by the surface temperature trend, moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfire events have together effectively offset the sudden 10% SWV decrease observed around 2000. Episodic aerosol perturbations from moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires therefore emerge as a previously overlooked driver of SWV variability. Future projections of stratospheric composition, radiative forcing and ozone recovery should account for these aerosol-mediated processes, especially as extreme fires intensify in a warming world.

『摘要』 平流层水汽（SWV）是影响全球气候和平流层臭氧化学的一种关键温室气体。其丰度在很大程度上受自然气候变率的影响。长期以来，人们一直认为火山喷发会通过对流层顶升温使平流层湿度增加，但一直缺乏观测证实。本研究提供了观测证据，表明自2005年以来，中等强度的火山喷发和极端野火系统性地增加了平流层水汽。两者都通过气溶胶引起的对流层顶升温产生作用；然而，极端野火揭示了另外一种自我抬升途径，该途径将水汽输送到平流层。对卫星观测和气候模型模拟的补充分析显示，在83 hPa处，平流层水汽增加了约0.1 ppmv，2005年至2021年期间累计增加了7600万至2.03亿吨水汽。这一贡献解释了在此期间观测到的平流层水汽变化趋势的36%±7%，与全球地表温度上升的影响相当。地表温度变化趋势、中等强度火山喷发和极端野火事件共同引起的平流层水汽变化，有效抵消了2000年左右观测到的平流层水汽突然下降10%的情况。因此，中等强度火山喷发和极端野火产生的偶发性气溶胶扰动成为此前被忽视的平流层水汽变率驱动因素。未来对平流层成分、辐射强迫和臭氧恢复的预测应考虑这些由气溶胶介导的过程，尤其是在全球变暖导致极端火灾加剧的情况下。

『总结』 中等强度火山喷发和极端野火通过气溶胶引起的对流层顶升温等途径增加平流层水汽，其影响抵消了2000年左右平流层水汽的下降，成为此前被忽视的平流层水汽变率驱动因素，未来对平流层相关预测应考虑这些过程。

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9. 气候变化下欧洲各地日益严重的粉尘污染

Rising dust pollution across Europe in a changing climate

Vasilakos PN, Upadhyay A, Manousakas MI, ... , de Hoogh K, El-Haddad I, Daellenbach KR.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Mineral desert dust is a major contributor to total atmospheric particulate matter. Desert dust outbreaks degrade air quality and can pose adverse health effects, including asthma exacerbation and increased mortality. At some European locations, there has been a rise in the intensity and frequency of transported dust outbreaks from deserts in recent decades. However, it remains unclear whether this increase is consistent across Europe and whether desertification and aridity or shifts in atmospheric circulation are the main drivers behind this rise. Here we compile a database of daily dust metal concentrations from European sites, establishing robust elemental ratios for transported dust. Using this database, we develop a machine learning model to estimate daily PM₁₀ (particulate matter smaller than 10 μm) dust concentrations from 2012 to 2021, ranging from 2.09 ± 1.05 μg m^-3 across northern and central Europe to 5.28 ± 2.65 μg m^-3 across the south. In southern Europe, residents are exposed to transported dust events averaging 9.68 ± 4.85 μg m^-3, linked to a 0.67 ± 0.02% rise in daily mortality. Intensified dust intrusions over the past decade are linked to shifts in atmospheric circulation. Data from an Alpine ice core record shows a 110% increase in dust concentrations since pre-industrial times, mostly associated with North African desertification. As climate change accelerates land degradation and affects weather patterns, worsening dust pollution may pose increasing risks to public health and air quality goals.

『摘要』 矿物沙漠尘埃是总大气颗粒物的主要来源之一。沙漠尘埃爆发会降低空气质量，并可能对健康产生不利影响，包括哮喘加重和死亡率上升。近几十年来，欧洲部分地区从沙漠传输而来的沙尘爆发强度和频率有所增加。然而，尚不清楚这种增加是否在整个欧洲都一致，以及荒漠化和干旱或大气环流的变化是否是这一增加背后的主要驱动因素。本研究汇编了欧洲各地每日沙尘金属浓度数据库，为传输的沙尘建立了可靠的元素比。利用该数据库，开发了一个机器学习模型，以估算2012年至2021年期间每日PM₁₀（小于10微米的颗粒物）沙尘浓度，范围从北欧和中欧的2.09 ± 1.05微克每立方米到南欧的5.28 ± 2.65微克每立方米。在南欧，居民平均暴露于9.68 ± 4.85微克每立方米的传输沙尘事件，与每日死亡率上升0.67 ± 0.02%相关。过去十年沙尘侵入的加剧与大气环流的变化有关。阿尔卑斯山冰芯记录的数据显示，自工业化前以来，沙尘浓度增加了110%，主要与北非的荒漠化有关。随着气候变化加速土地退化并影响天气模式，沙尘污染的恶化可能对公众健康和空气质量目标构成越来越大的风险。

『总结』 矿物沙漠尘埃对空气质量和健康有不利影响，欧洲沙尘爆发强度和频率近几十年有所增加，本研究通过建立数据库和机器学习模型估算出欧洲不同地区PM₁₀沙尘浓度，发现南欧居民暴露于沙尘事件与死亡率上升相关，且沙尘加剧与大气环流变化有关，气候变化可能使沙尘污染恶化并带来更大风险。

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10. 原位地震大地测量捕获的海底扩张事件剖析

Anatomy of a seafloor spreading event captured by in situ seismogeodesy

Royer JY, Olive JA, Bazin S, ... , Raumer PY, Lenhof E, OHA-GEODAMS Scientific party.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Over geological time, the growth of the ocean floor involves magmatic and tectonic extension at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Because seismogeodetic monitoring of these submarine plate boundaries remains challenging, little is known about how these systems operate on yearly timescales. Here we report the first, to our knowledge, in situ observation of a rifting event at a MOR segment that combines hydroacoustic, direct-path ranging and bottom-pressure measurements, with repeated seafloor mapping. This event started on 26 April 2024 at the axis of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) near 37° S, two months after instruments had been deployed across the ridge axis and nearby Amsterdam transform fault (TF). The event began as a rapidly migrating swarm of extensional seismicity along the axial valley. It caused 4 m of subsidence of the valley floor and more than a metre of horizontal extension across the valley. We interpret this as the deflation of a sill-like reservoir feeding propagating dykes along the ridge axis. The dykes eventually led to the outpouring of about 160 million m of lava at the seafloor in about 16 days, while inducing both seismic and aseismic slip on valley-bounding normal faults and finally triggering seismic activity on the abutting TFs. Large-scale aseismic slip induced by magmatic processes could therefore be the primary mechanism by which MOR normal faults accrue their displacement, which would account for their well-documented seismic deficit.

『摘要』 在地质时间尺度上，洋底的增长涉及大洋中脊（MORs）的岩浆活动和构造伸展。由于对这些海底板块边界进行地震大地测量监测仍然具有挑战性，人们对这些系统在年际时间尺度上的运作方式知之甚少。据我们所知，本文首次报告了在大洋中脊段对裂谷事件进行的原位观测，该观测结合了水声学、直线路径测距和海底压力测量以及重复的海底测绘。该事件于2024年4月26日在东南印度洋脊（SEIR）轴线约南纬37°处开始，当时仪器已在该洋脊轴线和附近的阿姆斯特丹转换断层（TF）上部署了两个月。该事件始于沿轴谷快速迁移的伸展地震群。它导致谷底沉降4米，谷地横向伸展超过1米。我们将其解释为向沿洋脊轴线传播的岩墙供浆的似岩席储库的泄流。这些岩墙最终导致约1.6亿立方米的岩浆在大约16天内从海底喷出，同时引发了谷地边界正断层上的地震滑动和无震滑动，并最终触发了相邻转换断层上的地震活动。因此，岩浆活动诱发的大规模无震滑动可能是大洋中脊正断层积累位移的主要机制，这可以解释它们明显的地震缺失现象。

『总结』 本文报告了在大洋中脊段首次对裂谷事件进行的原位观测，该事件导致谷底沉降和横向伸展，解释为似岩席储库泄流，岩浆喷出引发多种滑动并触发地震，且指出岩浆活动诱发的大规模无震滑动可能是大洋中脊正断层积累位移的主要机制。

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11. 全球海草高分辨率制图以支持保护工作

Global high-resolution mapping of seagrass to support conservation

Peng J, Li J, Krause JR, ... , Schill SR, Roelfsema CM, Asner GP.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Seagrass ecosystems underpin coastal biodiversity and provide vital ecosystem services, including shoreline protection, food security and climate mitigation. Despite growing recognition as a nature-based climate solution, seagrasses are among the least mapped and most poorly understood vegetated coastal ecosystems. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first global 10-m spatial resolution maps and change analysis of seagrass extent in clear, shallow coastal waters, derived from 4.75 million Sentinel-2 MSI satellite images for two periods (2019-2020 and 2023-2024). Using a deep-learning classifier trained on curated reference data, we identified 148,506 km of seagrass globally, including 5,961 km of intertidal and 142,545 km of subtidal areas. Sixty-nine per cent of global seagrass extent is concentrated in The Bahamas, Cuba, the USA, Australia and Indonesia, yet only 21% of seagrass areas are located within marine-protected areas. Over the 4 years of the study, 5,969 km (4%) of seagrass was lost, and an additional 6,221 km (4.2%) was degraded from dense to sparse cover in tropical regions. Our findings identify seagrass meadow hotspots and vulnerable regions to inform conservation and climate policy.

『摘要』 海草生态系统是沿海生物多样性的基础，并提供至关重要的生态系统服务，包括海岸线保护、粮食安全和气候缓解。尽管海草作为一种基于自然的气候解决方案日益得到认可，但其仍是测绘程度最低、了解最少的沿海植被生态系统之一。据我们所知，本文首次展示了全球10米空间分辨率的海草覆盖范围地图，并分析了清澈浅水区海草覆盖范围的变化，这些地图和变化分析是基于2019-2020年和2023-2024年两个时期共475万张哨兵2号多光谱成像仪卫星图像得出的。利用基于精选参考数据训练的深度学习分类器，我们确定了全球海草覆盖范围为148506公里，包括潮间带5961公里和潮下带142545公里。全球69%的海草分布在巴哈马、古巴、美国、澳大利亚和印度尼西亚，但只有21%的海草区位于海洋保护区。在研究的四年中，热带地区有5969公里（4%）的海草消失，另有6221公里（4.2%）的海草从密集覆盖退化为稀疏覆盖。我们的研究结果确定了海草草甸热点地区和脆弱地区，为保护和气候政策提供参考。

『总结』 本文首次展示了全球海草覆盖范围的高分辨率地图及变化分析，指出大部分海草集中在少数国家，且多数海草区域未受保护，研究期间热带地区海草有所消失和退化，为保护和气候政策提供参考。

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12. 早期的真核生物化石是底栖需氧生物

Early fossil eukaryotes were benthic aerobes

Lechte MA, Riedman LA, Porter SM, Halverson GP, Whelan M.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』The evolution of the eukaryotic cell paved the way for the emergence of all complex life on Earth. Despite its significance, the environmental context of early eukaryote evolution is largely unknown. Here we use the geological record to reconstruct the habitats of the oldest known fossil eukaryotes, approximately 1.75-1.4 billion years old. Our integrated palaeontological, sedimentological and geochemical analyses show that although fossil eukaryotes are found in samples deposited in a range of environments from coastal to offshore, they are almost entirely restricted to those from settings with oxygenated bottom waters. This distribution suggests these organisms were aerobes (obligate, facultative and/or microaerophilic) and, given their size and morphological complexity, probably possessed mitochondria. Furthermore, their near absence from otherwise fossiliferous anoxic samples suggests a benthic habit, as planktonic eukaryotes would be expected to be present in both oxic and anoxic samples. We propose that eukaryotes were largely restricted to oxic benthic habitats for much of the Proterozoic eon, only expanding into planktonic habitats during the Neoproterozoic era (1-0.54 billion years ago). This late ecological expansion could account for the mismatch between the appearance of eukaryotic body fossils and molecular biomarkers and explain the stepwise increase in eukaryote diversity during the Neoproterozoic era.

『摘要』 真核细胞的进化为地球上所有复杂生命的出现铺平了道路。尽管其意义重大，但早期真核生物进化的环境背景在很大程度上尚不明确。本研究利用地质记录，重建了已知最古老的真核生物化石（约17.5-14亿年）的栖息地。通过整合古生物学、沉积学和地球化学分析，我们发现尽管真核生物化石在从沿海到远海的多种沉积环境中均有发现，但几乎全部局限于底水含氧的环境。这种分布表明，这些生物是有氧生物（专性、兼性或微好氧），鉴于其体型和形态复杂性，它们可能拥有线粒体。此外，在其他富含化石的缺氧样本中几乎没有发现真核生物化石，这表明它们具有底栖习性，因为浮游真核生物应同时存在于含氧和缺氧样本中。我们认为，在元古宙的大部分时间里，真核生物主要局限于含氧的底栖环境，直到新元古代（10-5.4亿年前）才扩展到浮游环境。这种生态扩张较晚，可以解释真核生物实体化石与分子生物标志物出现时间的不匹配，并阐明新元古代真核生物多样性逐步增加的原因。

『总结』 真核生物化石多见于含氧底栖环境，表明其早期为有氧生物且可能拥有线粒体，直到新元古代才扩展到浮游环境，这解释了化石与生物标志物时间差及新元古代多样性增加的原因。

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13. 复杂性状尾部特征的独特遗传结构

Distinct genetic architecture in the tails of complex traits

Souaiaia T, Wu HM, Ori APS, Choi SW, Hoggart CJ, O'Reilly PF.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Complex traits are highly polygenic, with heritability explained by many hundreds of common variants of small effect together with rare variants of large effect. Yet how this genetic architecture varies along the trait continuum has been underexplored, as has the role of natural selection in shaping this variation. Here we developed an approach based on polygenic risk scores that reveals widespread departures from common-variant architecture in one or both of the tails of 74 quantitative traits. These observations were replicated across ancestries, cohorts and repeated measures and using an alternative family-based approach. Incorporating rare variants identified from sequence data resulted in marked reductions in these deviations, suggesting that rare alleles of large effect are key drivers of trait-tail architecture. Forward simulations showed that stabilizing selection could generate the observed patterns, whereas modelling reproductive success provided empirical support for the role of selection. These findings show that although complex traits are polygenic in the population at large, they have a distinct and less polygenic architecture in their tails due to selection. This has implications for rare-variant discovery and complex trait and disease prediction.

『摘要』 复杂性状具有高度多基因性，其遗传性由数百个具有微小效应的常见变异以及少数具有较大效应的罕见变异共同解释。然而，这种遗传结构如何沿着性状连续体变化，以及自然选择在塑造这种变异中所起的作用，尚未得到充分探索。本研究开发了一种基于多基因风险评分的方法，揭示了74个数量性状在一端或两端尾部普遍偏离常见变异遗传结构。这些观察结果在不同祖先群体、队列、重复测量以及另一种基于家庭的方法中均得到了验证。纳入从序列数据中识别的罕见变异后，这些偏差显著减少，表明具有较大效应的罕见等位基因是性状尾部遗传结构的关键驱动因素。正向模拟显示，稳定选择可以产生观察到的模式，而生殖成功建模则为选择的作用提供了实证支持。这些发现表明，尽管复杂性状在整体人群中是多基因的，但由于选择的作用，其尾部具有独特且较少多基因的结构。这对罕见变异发现以及复杂性状和疾病预测具有重要意义。

『总结』 复杂性状虽整体呈多基因性，但尾部因自然选择具有独特且较少多基因的结构，这对罕见变异发现和疾病预测有重要意义。

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14. 官方媒体管控影响大型语言模型

State media control influences large language models

Waight H, Yang E, Yuan Y, ... , Roberts ME, Stewart BM, Tucker JA.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Millions of people around the world query large language models (LLMs) for information. Although several studies have compellingly documented the persuasive potential of these models, there is limited evidence of who or what influences the models themselves, leading to a flurry of concerns about which companies and governments build and regulate the models. Here we show through six studies that government control of the media across the world already influences the output of LLMs via their training data. We use a cross-national audit to show that LLMs exhibit a stronger pro-government valence in the languages of countries with lower media freedom than in those with higher media freedom. This result is correlational, so to triangulate the specific mechanism of how state media control can influence LLMs, we develop a multi-part case study on China's media. We demonstrate that media scripted and curated by the Chinese state appears in LLM training datasets. To evaluate the plausible effect of this inclusion, we use an open-weight model to show that additional pretraining on Chinese state-coordinated media generates more positive answers to prompts about Chinese political institutions and leaders. We link this phenomenon to commercial models through two audit studies demonstrating that prompting models in Chinese generates more positive responses about China's institutions and leaders than do the same queries in English. The combination of influence and persuasive potential across languages suggests the troubling conclusion that states and powerful institutions have increased strategic incentives to leverage media control in the hopes of shaping LLM output.

『摘要』 世界各地有数百万人向大型语言模型（LLMs）查询信息。尽管多项研究有力地证明了这些模型的说服潜力，但关于谁或什么会影响模型本身的研究证据有限，导致人们对哪些公司和政府构建并监管这些模型产生了诸多担忧。本文通过六项研究显示，世界各地的政府对媒体的控制已通过训练数据影响大型语言模型的输出。通过跨国审计发现，在媒体自由度较低的国家，大型语言模型的语言输出表现出更强的亲政府倾向，而在媒体自由度较高的国家则不然。由于这一结果具有相关性，为进一步验证国家媒体控制影响大型语言模型的具体机制，本文以中国媒体为例开展多部分案例研究。研究显示，中国官方编写和策划的媒体内容出现在大型语言模型的训练数据集中。为评估这种纳入可能产生的影响，本文使用开放权重模型表明，基于中国官方媒体协调内容的额外预训练，会生成关于中国政治机构和领导人更为积极的回答。通过两项审计研究，本文将这一现象与商业模型联系起来，证明用中文提示模型比用英文提示模型，会产生更多关于中国机构和领导人的正面回应。这种跨语言的影响力和说服力表明，国家和强大机构有更多战略动机利用媒体控制来影响大型语言模型的输出，这一结论令人担忧。

『总结』 政府对媒体的控制已通过训练数据影响大型语言模型的输出，国家和强大机构可能利用媒体控制影响模型输出。

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15. 驱动物种特异性皮质特征发育的基因表达模式

Developmental gene expression patterns driving species-specific cortical features

Javed A, Gomez L, Pravata V, ... , Cappello S, Jabaudon D, Klingler E.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』The cerebral cortex shows species-specific variations in size and organization, which probably account for distinct behavioural abilities. These structural differences may reflect evolutionary changes in the developmental expression of shared genes. Here, to investigate this possibility, we used machine vision to identify and compare cell-type-specific gene expression patterns in the developing mouse and human neocortex, and in human cortical organoids. Using this approach, we identified genes with evolutionarily conserved or divergent transcriptional regulation, revealing species-specific cyto-temporal gene expression patterns. Among such genes, the transcription factor gene JUNB showed mutually exclusive expression in human progenitors and mouse neurons. Through cell-type-specific gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mice and human cortical organoids, we show that JUNB bidirectionally controls human cortical features, including progenitor proliferation rates, neuronal production timing and total neuronal output. We identify IRF1 as a human radial glia-specific regulator that, when expressed in mouse radial glia, activates JUNB and recruits human-like gene regulatory networks, demonstrating cross-species activation of poised developmental programmes. Together, these findings reveal how cyto-temporal regulation of shared genes drives species-specific cortical features, and provide a molecular framework for understanding and manipulating these evolutionary programmes.

『摘要』 大脑皮层在大小和组织结构上表现出物种特异性的差异，这可能是不同行为能力产生的原因。这些结构差异可能反映了共同基因在发育表达过程中的进化变化。本研究中，为探究这种可能性，我们利用机器视觉识别并比较了发育中的小鼠和人类新皮层以及人类皮质类器官中细胞类型特异的基因表达模式。通过这种方法，我们鉴定出了具有进化保守或分化转录调控的基因，揭示了物种特异的细胞时间基因表达模式。在这些基因中，转录因子基因JUNB在人类祖细胞和小鼠神经元中的表达相互排斥。通过在小鼠和人类皮质类器官中进行细胞类型特异的增益和功能丧失实验，我们发现JUNB双向调控人类皮质的特征，包括祖细胞增殖速率、神经元生成时间以及神经元总产量。我们将IRF1鉴定为人类放射状胶质细胞特异性调控因子，当其在小鼠放射状胶质细胞中表达时，会激活JUNB并招募类似人类的基因调控网络，证明了潜在发育程序在跨物种间的激活。总之，这些发现揭示了共同基因的细胞时间调控如何驱动物种特异性的皮质特征，并为理解和操纵这些进化程序提供了分子框架。

『总结』 研究揭示了共同基因的细胞时间调控驱动物种特异性的皮质特征，为理解操纵进化程序提供了分子框架。

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16. 利用工程化电突触对脑回路进行长期编辑

Long-term editing of brain circuits using an engineered electrical synapse

Ransey E, Thomas GE, Wisdom EM, ... , Hultman R, Bursac N, Dzirasa K.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Electrical signalling across distinct populations of brain cells underpins cognitive and emotional function. However, approaches that selectively regulate electrical signalling between two cellular components of a mammalian neural circuit remain sparse. Here we engineered an electrical synapse composed of two connexin proteins found in Morone americana (white perch fish)-connexin 34.7 and connexin 35-to accomplish mammalian circuit modulation. By exploiting protein mutagenesis, devising a new in vitro system for assaying connexin hemichannel docking, and performing computational modelling of hemichannel interactions, we uncovered a structural motif that contributes to electrical synapse formation. Targeting this motif, we designed connexin 34.7 and connexin 35 hemichannels that dock with each other to form an electrical synapse but not with other major connexins expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. We validated this electrical synapse in vivo using worms (Caenorhabditis elegans) and mice (Mus musculus). We demonstrate that it can strengthen communication across neural circuits composed of pairs of distinct cell types and modify behaviour accordingly. Thus, we establish 'long-term integration of circuits using connexins' (LinCx) for precision circuit editing in mammals.

『摘要』 不同脑细胞群体间的电信号传递是认知和情感功能的基础。然而，选择性调节哺乳动物神经回路中两个细胞成分之间电信号传递的方法仍较为匮乏。在此，我们设计了一种由美国白鲈（Morone americana）中发现的两种连接蛋白——连接蛋白34.7和连接蛋白35——组成的电突触，以实现哺乳动物神经回路的调节。通过利用蛋白质突变技术、设计新的体外系统来检测连接蛋白半通道的对接，以及对半通道相互作用进行计算建模，我们发现了一个有助于电突触形成的结构基序。针对这一结构基序，我们设计了能够相互对接形成电突触、但不与哺乳动物中枢神经系统中表达的其他主要连接蛋白对接的连接蛋白34.7和连接蛋白35半通道。我们利用线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）和小鼠（Mus musculus）在体内验证了这种电突触。我们证明，它能够加强由不同细胞类型对组成的神经回路之间的通信，并相应地改变行为。因此，我们建立了利用连接蛋白进行回路长期整合（LinCx）的方法，用于哺乳动物神经回路的精确编辑。

『总结』 研究设计了由两种连接蛋白组成的电突触，发现有助于其形成的结构基序，设计了能形成电突触的特定半通道，经体内验证能加强神经回路通信、改变行为，建立回路长期整合方法用于哺乳动物神经回路精确编辑。

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17. 质体小球对玉米中的氮同化进行区室化调控

Plastoglobules compartmentalize nitrogen assimilation in maize

Chen D, Gao L, Li S, ... , Chen X, Wu Y, Huang Y.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Efficient nitrogen assimilation is important for sustainable agriculture, yet its subcellular organization remains unknown. Here we show that plastoglobules (PGs) in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells function as a metabolic hub that orchestrates nitrogen utilization in maize. Nitrogen-responsive dynamics of PGs represent a conserved feature across plant species. We identify two key enzymes, nitrite reductase 2 (ZmNIR2) and glutamine synthetase 1 (ZmGLN1), specifically targeted to PGs by a chloroplast transit peptide and hydrophobic region. Cryogenic electron microscopy analysis of recombinant ZmGLN1 shows a decameric complex, enabling a metabolon with ZmNIR2 for enhanced efficiency. Among two NIR and six GLN enzymes, ZmNIR2 and ZmGLN1 are the primary PG-localized components that orchestrate sub-organellar nitrogen assimilation and dictate nitrogen use efficiency. Genetic variation in ZmNIR2 splicing in cultivated germplasm generates a PG-targeted isoform (ZmNIR2^T1) that boosts NUE. Our work establishes PGs as a central compartment for primary nitrogen assimilation, providing a promising strategy to develop high-NUE crops for global food security.

『摘要』 高效的氮同化对可持续农业至关重要，但其亚细胞结构尚不明确。本研究表明，玉米叶肉细胞叶绿体中的类囊体脂质小球（PGs）作为代谢枢纽，协调氮的利用。PGs对氮的响应动态是植物物种间的一个保守特征。我们确定了两种关键酶，即亚硝酸还原酶2（ZmNIR2）和谷氨酰胺合成酶1（ZmGLN1），它们通过叶绿体转运肽和疏水区域被特异性靶向至PGs。对重组ZmGLN1的冷冻电子显微镜分析显示其形成十聚体复合物，与ZmNIR2形成代谢复合体，提高了效率。在两种亚硝酸还原酶和六种谷氨酰胺合成酶中，ZmNIR2和ZmGLN1是协调亚细胞器氮同化并决定氮利用效率的主要PG定位成分。栽培种质中ZmNIR2剪接的遗传变异产生了一种靶向PG的异构体（ZmNIR2^T1），提高了氮利用效率（NUE）。本研究确立了PGs作为初级氮同化的核心区室，为开发高氮利用效率作物以保障全球粮食安全提供了可行策略。

『总结』 本研究发现类囊体脂质小球是玉米氮同化的核心亚细胞区室，揭示了其关键酶的作用机制及遗传调控途径，为提高作物氮利用效率提供了新策略。

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18. 日常生活中使用智能手机时的被动心率监测

Passive heart-rate monitoring during smartphone use in everyday life

Liao S, Di Achille P, Wu J, ... , Taylor JA, Rogers JK, Poh MZ.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Resting heart rate (RHR) is a key biomarker of cardiovascular health and mortality, but passively tracking it longitudinally generally requires a wearable device, limiting its availability. Here we present passive heart-rate monitoring (PHRM), a deep-learning system that uses facial video-based photoplethysmography for passive measurements of heart rate (HR) and RHR during everyday smartphone interactions. Our system was developed using 192,353 videos from 485 participants and validated on 162,546 videos from 211 participants in laboratory and free-living conditions, representing, to our knowledge, the largest validation study of its kind. PHRM outperformed state-of-the-art methods on our benchmarks. Compared with reference electrocardiograms, PHRM achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) lower than 10% for HR measurements across three skin-tone groups of light, medium and dark pigmentation, meeting industry accuracy standards; MAPE for each skin-tone group was non-inferior versus the others. Daily RHR measured by PHRM had a mean absolute error of less than five beats per minute, compared with a wearable HR tracker, and was associated with known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. These results highlight the potential of smartphones for enabling passive and equitable monitoring of heart health. To facilitate further research, we publicly release a large, annotated smartphone video dataset along with a pre-trained HR model.

『摘要』 静息心率（RHR）是心血管健康和死亡率的关键生物标志物，但纵向被动追踪通常需要可穿戴设备，限制了其普及性。本文提出了被动心率监测（PHRM）系统，该系统利用基于面部视频的光电容积脉搏波描记法，在日常智能手机交互中被动测量心率（HR）和静息心率。该系统使用来自485名参与者的192,353段视频进行开发，并在实验室和自由生活条件下，利用来自211名参与者的162,546段视频进行验证，据我们所知，这是此类研究中规模最大的验证研究。PHRM在我们设定的基准上表现优于最先进的方法。与参考心电图相比，PHRM在浅色、中等和深色三种肤色组的心率测量中，平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）均低于10%，符合行业精度标准；各肤色组的MAPE与其他组相比均不逊色。与可穿戴心率追踪器相比，PHRM测量的每日静息心率平均绝对误差小于每分钟五次，且与心血管疾病已知风险因素相关。这些结果凸显了智能手机在实现被动且公平的心脏健康监测方面的潜力。为促进进一步研究，我们公开发布了一个大型、标注的智能手机视频数据集以及一个预训练的心率模型。

『总结』 本文提出了基于智能手机面部视频的被动心率监测系统，该系统在多种肤色和日常场景中均表现出色，凸显了智能手机在心脏健康监测方面的潜力，并公开了相关数据集和模型。

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19. 一种天然环肽抗生素与细菌核糖体E位点结合

A natural depsipeptide antibiotic binds the E-site of the bacterial ribosome

Kaur M, Travin DY, Berger MJ, ... , Mankin AS, Wilson DN, Wright GD.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』A key challenge in addressing the antibiotic resistance crisis is identifying new antimicrobial compounds. Although natural products produced by fungi and bacteria, particularly actinomycetes, have been the source of most antibiotics discovered over the past 80 years, they have fallen out of favour owing to the frequent rediscovery of known drug scaffolds. The current perception is that antibiotic-producing actinomycetes have been over-mined and possess little novelty left to yield. Here we demonstrate that by using improved fractionation approaches that enrich previously overlooked minor products, even well-studied strains of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes can provide new chemical scaffolds with unique modes of action. By fractionating a library of natural product extracts from soil bacteria, we show that Streptomyces rimosus, the source of the well-known antibiotic oxytetracycline, produces a cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic that we call manikomycin. Manikomycin can kill multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and is not susceptible to resistance associated with clinically used antibiotics. Biochemical, genetic and structural analyses reveal that manikomycin binds in the E-site of the large subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing entry of the 3' end of the tRNA into the E-site and effectively hindering the translocation step of protein synthesis in a sequence-context-specific manner. Manikomycin is the first antibacterial agent, to our knowledge, to target the critical but underexplored E-site in the large ribosomal subunit, highlighting its value as a lead for developing new antibiotics.

『摘要』 应对抗生素耐药性危机的关键挑战在于识别新型抗菌化合物。尽管过去80年中，大多数抗生素均源自真菌和细菌（尤其是放线菌）产生的天然产物，但由于已知药物骨架的频繁重复发现，这些天然产物已逐渐失去青睐。目前普遍认为，产抗生素的放线菌资源已被过度开发，难以再产生新颖化合物。本研究表明，通过采用改进的分离方法富集以往被忽视的次要产物，即使是研究充分的产抗生素放线菌菌株也能提供具有独特作用机制的新型化学骨架。通过分离土壤细菌天然产物提取物库，发现已知抗生素土霉素的来源菌株——里氏放线菌（Streptomyces rimosus）可产生一种名为马尼可霉素（manikomycin）的环状缩肽抗生素。马尼可霉素可杀灭多重耐药肠杆菌科细菌，且不易产生与临床常用抗生素相关的耐药性。生化、遗传和结构分析表明，马尼可霉素结合于细菌核糖体大亚基的E位点，阻止tRNA 3'端进入E位点，并以序列依赖性方式有效阻碍蛋白质合成的易位步骤。据我们所知，马尼可霉素是首个靶向核糖体大亚基中关键但尚未充分探索的E位点的抗菌剂，凸显了其作为开发新型抗生素先导化合物的价值。

『总结』 研究通过改进分离方法从里氏放线菌中发现了新型抗菌剂马尼可霉素，其通过靶向核糖体大亚基E位点抑制蛋白质合成，对多重耐药菌有效且不易产生耐药性，为新型抗生素开发提供了新方向。

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20. 跨阶段、跨物种疟原虫CD8<sup>+</sup>T细胞抗原的鉴定

Identification of cross-stage, cross-species malaria CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell antigens

Barbosa CRR, de Lacerda LB, Bettencourt PJG, ... , Wilder B, Hill AVS, Junqueira C.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』A major limitation on the development of a malaria vaccine is the lack of validated T cell epitope targets. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent malaria parasite affecting humans in Africa, whereas Plasmodium vivax is more widespread and is the main species that causes malaria in the Americas and Asia. P. vivax exclusively infects peripheral-blood reticulocytes, which retain RNA and the capacity for host protein synthesis. We previously reported that reticulocytes infected with P. vivax express human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), which enables recognition and killing of the parasite by CD8⁺ T cells. Here we use immunopeptidomics to identify Plasmodium-antigen-derived peptides presented by HLA-I on infected reticulocytes. We identified 453 unique peptides, mapping to 166 proteins. Seventy-five antigens were housekeeping proteins that are constitutively expressed at multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle and are highly conserved between Plasmodium species. Identical peptides were presented in different individuals by the same or distinct HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles, as well as by the non-classical HLA-E allele. The antigenicity of the newly identified epitopes was validated in samples from both P. vivax-infected and P. falciparum-infected individuals. Furthermore, T cell responses to several of these antigens were observed in the blood and liver of non-human primates after infection with Plasmodium or immunization with attenuated parasites. Two antigens also induced protective CD8⁺ T cell-mediated immunity in rodents. Thus, these antigens have the potential for use in a cross-stage and cross-species malaria vaccine.

『摘要』 开发疟疾疫苗的一个主要限制是缺乏经过验证的T细胞表位靶点。恶性疟原虫是在非洲影响人类的最常见疟原虫，而间日疟原虫分布更广，是美洲和亚洲疟疾的主要致病物种。间日疟原虫专门感染外周血网织红细胞，这些细胞保留了RNA和宿主蛋白质合成的能力。我们之前报道过，感染间日疟原虫的网织红细胞会表达人类白细胞抗原I类（HLA-I），使CD8⁺T细胞能够识别并杀死寄生虫。本研究利用免疫肽组学技术，鉴定了感染网织红细胞上HLA-I呈递的疟原虫抗原衍生肽。共鉴定出453种独特肽段，对应166种蛋白质。其中75种抗原为管家蛋白，这些蛋白在疟原虫生命周期的多个阶段均稳定表达，且在疟原虫物种间高度保守。相同或不同的HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C等位基因以及非经典HLA-E等位基因可在不同个体中呈递相同肽段。新鉴定表位的抗原性在间日疟原虫和恶性疟原虫感染者的样本中均得到验证。此外，在非人灵长类感染疟原虫或接种减毒寄生虫后，其血液和肝脏中观察到针对这些抗原的T细胞反应。两种抗原还在啮齿类动物中诱导了保护性CD8⁺T细胞介导的免疫应答。因此，这些抗原具有开发跨阶段、跨物种疟疾疫苗的潜力。

『总结』 本研究通过免疫肽组学鉴定了间日疟原虫感染网织红细胞中HLA-I呈递的453种独特肽段，发现其抗原具有跨物种保守性且能诱导T细胞免疫应答，为开发通用型疟疾疫苗提供了候选靶点。

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21. 针对胆汁酸相关肝病的首创脉冲式FXR激动剂

A first-in-class pulsatile FXR agonist for bile-acid-related liver diseases

Zang Y, Shi J, Zhao G, ... , Li Y, Li J, Xu HE.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Nuclear receptors are central regulators of metabolism, yet therapeutic strategies that enforce continuous receptor activation frequently lead to reduced efficacy and unacceptable toxicity. Here we report a first-principles drug design strategy that aligns pharmacokinetics with physiological signalling cycles. We developed linafexor, a potent non-bile-acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR); it is engineered for rapid systemic clearance, which enables pulsatile receptor activation that mirrors endogenous bile acid dynamics. Linafexor has robust efficacy across multiple preclinical models of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that, unlike long-acting FXR agonists, linafexor preserves cyclic FXR signalling, avoids receptor downregulation and prevents broad transcriptional dysregulation. Direct manipulation of delivery patterns demonstrates that sustained FXR activation-independent of compound identity-induces severe toxicity, establishing activation duration as a determinant of therapeutic index. In phase 1 clinical studies (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT05082779), linafexor administered once daily produces transient FXR pathway engagement, marked by (1) induction of FGF19^12-14, a key endocrine mediator of bile acid feedback regulation; and (2) suppression of C4¹⁵, an intermediate reflecting hepatic bile acid synthesis, with no treatment-related adverse events. Together, these findings identify pulsatile FXR activation as a mechanistically grounded and clinically translatable strategy, and establish linafexor as a first-in-class therapeutic for bile acid-related liver diseases.

『摘要』 核受体是代谢的关键调节因子，然而，强制持续激活受体的治疗策略往往会导致疗效降低和毒性不可接受。在此，我们报告了一项基于第一性原理的药物设计策略，该策略使药代动力学与生理信号周期相匹配。我们开发了利那非索（linafexor），一种法尼醇X受体（FXR）的强效非胆汁酸激动剂；它经过设计可实现快速全身清除，从而能够模拟内源性胆汁酸动态的脉冲式受体激活。利那非索在多种代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、原发性胆汁性胆管炎和原发性硬化性胆管炎的临床前模型中均表现出显著疗效。转录组分析显示，与长效FXR激动剂不同，利那非索可保留周期性FXR信号传导，避免受体下调，并防止广泛的转录失调。直接操纵给药模式表明，持续激活FXR（与化合物身份无关）会引发严重毒性，从而确定激活持续时间作为治疗指数的决定因素。在1期临床研究（ClinicalTrials.gov；NCT05082779）中，每日一次给药的利那非索可使FXR通路短暂参与，表现为：（1）诱导FGF19^12-14（胆汁酸反馈调节的关键内分泌介质）；（2）抑制C4¹⁵（反映肝脏胆汁酸合成的中间产物），且未出现与治疗相关的不良事件。这些发现共同表明，脉冲式FXR激活是一种基于机制且具有临床转化潜力的策略，并确立利那非索为胆汁酸相关肝脏疾病的首创疗法。

『总结』 研究提出了一种基于第一性原理的药物设计策略，开发了强效非胆汁酸FXR激动剂利那非索，其通过脉冲式受体激活在多种临床前模型中表现出显著疗效，且在1期临床研究中未出现与治疗相关的不良事件，确立了脉冲式FXR激活作为治疗胆汁酸相关肝脏疾病的策略。

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22. 弥漫性中线胶质瘤预后预测人脑网络

A prognostic human brain network for diffuse midline glioma

Sidpra J, Lind V, Cohen AL, ... , Jacques TS, Fox MD, Hargrave DR.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are near-universally lethal tumours of the childhood central nervous system. In animal models, DMGs form brain-wide integrated networks through neuron-to-glioma synapses and glioma-to-glioma gap junctional coupling. This extensive connectivity robustly promotes the growth and invasion of DMG and other glial malignancies through paracrine mechanisms and direct neuron-to-glioma synapses. However, the organization and clinical implications of these connections in the living human brain remain to be elucidated. Here, we develop tumour network mapping to compute the brain-wide connectivity profile of DMG, defining a conserved brain network across pontine and thalamic DMG associated with patient short-term survival (DMG network). Tumour functional connectivity with the DMG network was independently predictive of patient overall survival across two external validation cohorts. Tumour growth mapped to DMG network-specific trajectories and peak in-network neurometabolic changes across development spatiotemporally aligned with the peak age incidence of DMG. Analyses of single-nucleus RNA sequencing data confirmed diverse synaptic gene enrichment in high-connectivity DMG. Strikingly, incidental surgical resection of high-connectivity thalamic DMG tissue conferred a significant survival advantage. Collectively, these data define a conserved and prognostically important brain network in children with DMG, consistent with the hypothesis that DMGs exploit otherwise healthy brain circuits to promote tumour growth.

『摘要』 弥漫性中线胶质瘤（DMGs）是儿童中枢神经系统中几乎普遍致命的肿瘤。在动物模型中，DMGs通过神经元-胶质瘤突触和胶质瘤-胶质瘤缝隙连接偶联形成全脑整合网络。这种广泛的连接通过旁分泌机制和直接的神经元-胶质瘤突触，有力地促进了DMG和其他胶质恶性肿瘤的生长和侵袭。然而，这些连接在活体人脑中的组织方式及其临床意义仍有待阐明。本研究开发了肿瘤网络图谱技术，以计算DMG的全脑连接特征，定义了一个横跨脑桥和丘脑DMG的保守脑网络（与患者短期生存相关，称为DMG网络）。在两个外部验证队列中，肿瘤与DMG网络的功能连接可独立预测患者的总生存期。肿瘤生长映射到DMG网络特异性轨迹，且发育过程中网络内神经代谢变化的峰值在时空上与DMG发病的峰值年龄一致。单核RNA测序数据分析证实，高连接性DMG中突触基因富集多样。值得注意的是，偶然手术切除高连接性丘脑DMG组织可显著延长患者生存期。这些数据共同定义了DMG患儿中一个保守且具有预后意义的脑网络，支持DMG利用原本健康的脑回路促进肿瘤生长的假说。

『总结』 研究通过构建肿瘤网络图谱，发现DMG患儿存在一个保守的脑网络（DMG网络），其功能连接可预测生存期，且肿瘤生长与该网络发育轨迹及代谢变化一致，手术切除高连接性组织可延长生存，提示DMG可能通过劫持健康脑回路促进生长。

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23. HuR的分子胶降解剂可抑制BRAF突变型结直肠癌

Molecular glue degraders of HuR suppress BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer

Lu X, Wang X, Yang Z, ... , Dou H, Su H, Cang Y.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』BRAF gain-of-function mutations, particularly BRAF(V600E), affect roughly 10% of all patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and portend poor prognosis with limited therapeutic interventions. BRAF inhibitors such as encorafenib are ineffective due to MAPK pathway reactivation driven by BRAF dimerization. Combined inhibition of BRAF and EGFR, although approved therapies, results in short survival benefits and frequent treatment resistance and relapse. Here, through rational chemical library design coupled with parallel proteomic screening, we identified dHuR as a molecular glue degrader of human antigen R (HuR), an RNA-binding protein that drives tumour growth, invasion and therapy resistance. dHuR binds to the CRBN ubiquitin ligase to create a unique benzofuran-tethered composite surface to recruit HuR as a neosubstrate by engaging its β-hairpin G-loop degron, as revealed by the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the ternary complex. dHuR abrogated BRAF expression by inducing its exon 18 skipping, and demonstrated superior suppression of BRAF-mutant CRC tumours including those gaining resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Finally, we performed kinome library CRISPR screening and revealed that inactivation of EGFR or MEK enhanced dHuR cytotoxicity, thus establishing a combinatorial strategy to treat patients with refractory BRAF-mutant CRC.

『摘要』 BRAF功能获得性突变，尤其是BRAF(V600E)突变，在约10%的结直肠癌（CRC）患者中出现，且预示着预后不良、治疗选择有限。由于BRAF二聚化驱动的MAPK通路重新激活，BRAF抑制剂（如恩考芬尼）无效。虽然BRAF和EGFR联合抑制疗法已获批，但生存获益短暂，且常出现治疗抵抗和复发。本研究通过合理的化学库设计与并行蛋白质组学筛选，鉴定出dHuR是一种降解人类抗原R（HuR）的分子胶降解剂，HuR是一种驱动肿瘤生长、侵袭和治疗抵抗的RNA结合蛋白。冷冻电镜结构显示，dHuR与CRBN泛素连接酶结合，形成独特的苯并呋喃连接复合表面，通过结合HuR的β发夹G环降解基序（degron）将其招募为新底物。dHuR通过诱导BRAF第18外显子跳跃来消除BRAF表达，并显示出对BRAF突变型结直肠癌肿瘤（包括对BRAF抑制剂产生耐药性的肿瘤）的卓越抑制作用。最后，我们进行了激酶组文库CRISPR筛选，发现EGFR或MEK失活可增强dHuR的细胞毒性，从而确立了治疗难治性BRAF突变型结直肠癌患者的联合策略。

『总结』 本研究发现了一种降解HuR的分子胶降解剂dHuR，可有效抑制BRAF突变型结直肠癌肿瘤生长并克服耐药性，且通过CRISPR筛选确定了与EGFR或MEK失活的联合治疗策略。

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24. α-酮戊二酸介导的肉碱合成通过组蛋白乙酰化促进DNA修复

αKG-mediated carnitine synthesis drives DNA repair via histone acetylation

Uboveja A, Yang B, Buj R, ... , Long DT, Snyder NW, Aird KM.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Homologous recombination (HR) deficiency increases sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that are commonly used to treat cancer. In HR-proficient cancers, the metabolic mechanisms that drive response or resistance to DNA-damaging agents remain unclear. Here we have identified that depletion of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) sensitizes HR-proficient cells to DNA-damaging agents by metabolic regulation of histone acetylation. αKG is required for the activity of αKG-dependent dioxygenases (αKGDDs), and previous work has focused almost exclusively on the demethylase functions of αKGDD. Using a targeted CRISPR knockout library consisting of 64 αKGDDs, we discovered that trimethyllysine hydroxylase epsilon (TMLHE), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in de novo carnitine synthesis, is necessary for the survival of HR-proficient cells in the presence of DNA-damaging agents. Unexpectedly, αKG-mediated TMLHE-dependent carnitine synthesis was required for histone acetylation and was non-redundant with other nucleo-cytosolic acetyl-CoA-generating pathways. The increase in histone acetylation by means of the αKG-carnitine axis promoted HR-mediated DNA repair through site-specific histone acetylation. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between TMLHE and histone acetylation in patient samples and found that high TMLHE or acetylcarnitine correlates with worse progression-free survival in patients treated with DNA-damaging agents. This study demonstrates for the first time, to our knowledge, that αKG affects site-specific histone acetylation and provides a mechanism of HR proficiency through carnitine synthesis. Moreover, these data provide a metabolic avenue for inducing HR deficiency and promoting sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents.

『摘要』 同源重组（HR）缺陷会增加对常用于癌症治疗的DNA损伤剂的敏感性。在HR功能正常的癌症中，驱动对DNA损伤剂产生反应或抗性的代谢机制尚不清楚。本研究发现，通过组蛋白乙酰化的代谢调节，α-酮戊二酸（αKG）的耗竭使HR功能正常的细胞对DNA损伤剂更敏感。αKG是αKG依赖性双加氧酶（αKGDD）发挥活性所必需的，此前研究几乎完全聚焦于αKGDD的去甲基化功能。利用由64种αKGDD组成的靶向CRISPR敲除文库，我们发现，从头合成肉碱的第一个也是限速酶——三甲基赖氨酸羟化酶ε（TMLHE），对于HR功能正常细胞在存在DNA损伤剂情况下的存活是必要的。出乎意料的是，αKG介导的依赖TMLHE的肉碱合成是组蛋白乙酰化所必需的，且与其他核-胞质乙酰辅酶A生成途径不冗余。通过αKG-肉碱轴增加组蛋白乙酰化，可通过特定位点组蛋白乙酰化促进HR介导的DNA修复。最后，我们在患者样本中观察到TMLHE与组蛋白乙酰化呈正相关，并发现高水平的TMLHE或乙酰肉碱与接受DNA损伤剂治疗的患者无进展生存期更差相关。据我们所知，本研究首次表明αKG影响特定位点组蛋白乙酰化，并通过肉碱合成提供了HR功能的机制。此外，这些数据为诱导HR缺陷和增强对DNA损伤剂的敏感性提供了一条代谢途径。

『总结』 本研究发现αKG耗竭可增强HR功能正常细胞对DNA损伤剂的敏感性，揭示了αKG通过TMLHE依赖的肉碱合成调控组蛋白乙酰化，进而促进HR介导的DNA修复，并指出TMLHE水平与患者预后相关，为诱导HR缺陷和增强DNA损伤剂敏感性提供了代谢途径。

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25. 人类RNA mC甲基转移酶NSUN2的底物选择性

Substrate selectivity of the human RNA mC methyltransferase NSUN2

Canepa J, Ruiz-Arroyo VM, Schlamowitz NS, Nam Y.; nature; (655, 8123)

『Abstract』Specific deposition of RNA modifications is important for regulating gene expression. 5-Methylcytosine (mC) is a common epitranscriptomic modification, and NSUN2 is a key enzyme responsible for mC methylation of various types of RNA. Dysregulation of NSUN2 is associated with numerous diseases, including cancers and neurological disorders. The versatility of NSUN2 complicates our understanding of its substrate specificity and molecular roles in biology and disease. Here we show how NSUN2 interacts with RNA substrates at distinct stages of its catalytic cycle to modify cytidines. Furthermore, we show the role of RNA structure in facilitating NSUN2 activity at multiple tRNA positions. We identify RNA duplexes surrounding the mC modification site as crucial recognition elements for methylation, which enabled us to derive a minimized substrate that captures the preferred features of an NSUN2 substrate-a dual-stem structure containing the CNNRR motif at the 5' end of the first stem. Insights into the mechanisms underlying substrate-specific NSUN2 enzymatic activity provide opportunities for understanding and therapeutically targeting NSUN2-dependent methylation. Overall, our work highlights the roles of RNA structure and sequence in defining substrate specificity and regulating RNA-modifying enzymes.

『摘要』 RNA修饰的特异性沉积对于调控基因表达至关重要。5-甲基胞嘧啶（mC）是一种常见的表观转录组修饰，而NSUN2是负责多种RNA类型mC甲基化的关键酶。NSUN2的调控异常与多种疾病相关，包括癌症和神经系统疾病。NSUN2功能的多样性使我们难以理解其底物特异性和在生物学及疾病中的分子作用。本文展示了NSUN2在其催化周期的不同阶段如何与RNA底物相互作用以修饰胞嘧啶。此外，本文还揭示了RNA结构在促进NSUN2对多个tRNA位点活性中的作用。研究发现，mC修饰位点周围的RNA双链是甲基化识别的重要元素，基于此，我们推导出了一个最小化底物，该底物具有NSUN2底物的首选特征，即包含一个双茎结构，且在第一茎的5'端含有CNNRR基序。深入了解NSUN2酶活性的底物特异性机制，为理解和治疗NSUN2依赖性甲基化提供了机会。总之，我们的研究强调了RNA结构和序列在定义底物特异性和调控RNA修饰酶中的重要作用。

『总结』 研究揭示了NSUN2酶与RNA底物的相互作用机制，阐明了RNA结构对NSUN2活性的影响，并确定了关键识别元素，为理解NSUN2依赖性甲基化及开发治疗策略提供了新视角。

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26. 用于环境可扩展钙钛矿光伏器件的时空均匀结晶法

Spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization for ambient scalable perovskite photovoltaics

Gao B, Zhong Y, Luo X, ... , Liu Y, Tan L, Chen Y.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) will likely require the scalable deposition of homogeneous perovskite films under ambient conditions. However, the spatially heterogeneous degradation of metastable perovskites during prolonged coating leads to nonuniformity. Here, we demonstrate spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization of α-phase FAPbI₃ (where FA is formamidinium) enabled by a phase-locking strategy that establishes a dynamically evolving, moisture-buffering intergranular network during large-area printing. This method prevents the premature degradation caused by ambient humidity, eliminating directional inhomogeneity. Blade-coated PSCs achieved a 26.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE; 26.1% certified), and rigid and flexible 100-square-centimeter modules reached 21.5 and 19.5%, respectively. Improved morphological homogeneity mitigated localized degradation and suppressed self-amplifying aging pathways. Encapsulated devices retained more than 90% of their initial PCE after 1500 hours of 85°C maximum power point tracking in ambient air.

『摘要』 钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）的商业化很可能需要在环境条件下实现钙钛矿均匀薄膜的可扩展沉积。然而，在长时间涂覆过程中，亚稳态钙钛矿的空间异质降解会导致不均匀性。在此，我们展示了通过一种相锁定策略，在大面积印刷过程中建立动态演变的、具有缓冲水分作用的晶间网络，实现了α相甲脒基碘化铅（FAPbI₃，其中FA为甲脒）的时空均匀结晶。该方法防止了环境湿度引起的过早降解，消除了方向性不均匀性。刮涂法制备的PSCs实现了26.7%的光电转换效率（PCE，经认证为26.1%），100平方厘米的刚性和柔性组件分别达到21.5%和19.5%。形态均匀性的提高减轻了局部降解，并抑制了自放大的老化途径。封装后的器件在环境空气中经过1500小时85℃最大功率点跟踪后，仍能保持初始PCE的90%以上。

『总结』 研究通过相锁定策略实现了大面积印刷中α相FAPbI₃的时空均匀结晶，提高了钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率和稳定性，并显著提升了其商业化潜力。

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27. Vδ7 T细胞受体（TCRs）与IL17RA的直接相互作用驱动类T<sub>H</sub>1型γδT细胞的分化

Direct interaction of Vδ7 TCRs with IL17RA drives the differentiation of T<sub>H</sub>1-like γδT cells

Ye K, Francis N, Dunst J, ... , Winkler TH, Hanke L, Kreslavsky T.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Of the three classes of lymphocytes that constitute the adaptive immune system, γδT cells are the only class for which the principles of antigen recognition remain enigmatic. Although endogenous γδT cell antigen receptor (γδTCR) ligands are thought to regulate γδT cell development, their identities are largely elusive. Here, we identified the interleukin 17 receptor A chain (IL17RA) as a γδTCR ligand that drove the differentiation of Vδ7⁺ γδT cells with a T helper 1 (T_H1)-like effector program in mice. IL17RA promoted this differentiation through an interaction involving germline-encoded regions of the Vδ7 chain, enabling the selection of cells with a diverse CDR3 repertoire and thus acting as a nonclonotypic γδTCR ligand. Together with the nonclonotypic mode of γδTCR engagement by butyrophilins, these results suggest that such interactions represent a general biological mechanism shaping the γδT cell compartment.

『摘要』 在构成适应性免疫系统的三类淋巴细胞中，γδT细胞是唯一其抗原识别原理仍不明确的细胞类型。尽管内源性γδT细胞抗原受体（γδTCR）配体被认为调控γδT细胞发育，但其具体身份大多未知。本研究发现白细胞介素17受体A链（IL17RA）是γδTCR的一种配体，可驱动小鼠体内具有辅助性T细胞1（T_H1）样效应程序的Vδ7⁺ γδT细胞分化。IL17RA通过与Vδ7链的胚系编码区域相互作用来促进这种分化，从而选择具有多样化CDR3库的细胞，因此它是一种非克隆型γδTCR配体。这些结果，连同由丁酸盐结合蛋白介导的γδTCR非克隆型参与模式，表明此类相互作用是塑造γδT细胞区室的一般生物学机制。

『总结』 研究发现IL17RA是γδTCR配体，能驱动小鼠Vδ7⁺ γδT细胞分化，且此类非克隆型相互作用可能是塑造γδT细胞区室的一般机制。

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28. 树突状细胞控制癌症中三级淋巴结构的发育与维持

Dendritic cells control tertiary lymphoid structure development and maintenance in cancer

Mattiuz R, Boumelha J, Aerakis E, ... , Joshi NS, Kamphorst AO, Merad M.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with immunotherapy response, yet the mechanisms controlling their formation and maintenance remain unclear. Using spatial transcriptomics and multiplex imaging across human tumors, we found that CCR7⁺ mature dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate in TLSs. In a mouse non-small cell lung cancer model that forms mature TLSs, we show that early TLS development requires interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-driven type 1 conventional dendritic cell (cDC1) maturation, migration to tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs), and T cell recruitment. As tumors progress, TLSs persist independently of tdLN T cell egress, coinciding with cDC1 accumulation within intratumoral CCL19 stromal hubs. There, cDC1-major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-I) and -MHC-II concomitant antigen presentation, along with CD40 signaling, sustain TLS, T follicular helper (T_FH) cell pool, germinal centers, and tumor-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). These findings highlight local mature cDC1s as key TLS orchestrators and potential targets to enhance antitumor TLS function.

『摘要』 三级淋巴结构（TLSs）与免疫治疗反应相关，但控制其形成和维持的机制尚不清楚。利用空间转录组学和多重成像技术对人类肿瘤进行分析，我们发现CCR7⁺成熟树突状细胞（DCs）在TLSs中聚集。在形成成熟TLSs的小鼠非小细胞肺癌模型中，我们发现早期TLS的发育需要干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）驱动的1型常规树突状细胞（cDC1）成熟、迁移至肿瘤引流淋巴结（tdLNs）以及T细胞招募。随着肿瘤进展，TLSs的维持不再依赖tdLNs中T细胞的输出，这与肿瘤内CCL19基质中心内cDC1的积累同时发生。在那里，cDC1主要组织相容性复合体I类（MHC-I）和MHC-II同时呈递抗原，加上CD40信号传导，维持TLS、T滤泡辅助（T_FH）细胞池、生发中心和肿瘤特异性免疫球蛋白G（IgG）。这些发现强调了局部成熟cDC1作为关键TLS协调者的作用，以及作为增强抗肿瘤TLS功能的潜在靶点。

『总结』 研究发现CCR7⁺成熟树突状细胞在三级淋巴结构中聚集，早期TLS发育依赖干扰素-γ驱动的cDC1成熟、迁移及T细胞招募，肿瘤进展后TLS维持与cDC1在肿瘤内积累相关，强调了局部成熟cDC1作为关键协调者及潜在抗肿瘤靶点的作用。

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29. 基于结构与进化指导的最小RNA引导核酸酶设计

Structure and evolution-guided design of minimal RNA-guided nucleases

Skopintsev P, Esain-Garcia I, DeTurk EC, ... , Cate JHD, Jacobsen SE, Doudna JA.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』The design of RNA-guided nucleases with properties not limited by evolution can expand programmable genome-editing capabilities. However, generating diverse multidomain proteins with robust enzymatic properties remains challenging. Here, we use a protein design strategy that couples a structure-guided inverse-folding model with evolution-informed residue constraints to generate active, divergent variants of TnpB, a minimal CRISPR-Cas12-like nuclease, termed SynTnpBs. High-throughput screening of artificial intelligence-generated variants yielded editors that retained or exceeded wild-type activity in bacterial, plant, and human cells. Cryo-electron microscopy-based structure determination of the most divergent variant revealed stabilizing contacts in the RNA-DNA interfaces across conformations, demonstrating the design potential of this approach. Together, these results establish a strategy for creating non-natural RNA-guided nucleases and conformationally active nucleic acid binders, enlarging the designable protein space.

『摘要』 不受进化限制的RNA引导核酸酶的设计可拓展可编程基因组编辑能力。然而，生成具有强大酶学特性的多样化多结构域蛋白质仍然具有挑战性。在此，我们采用了一种蛋白质设计策略，将结构引导的反向折叠模型与基于进化信息的残基约束相结合，生成了TnpB（一种最小型的类似CRISPR-Cas12的核酸酶）的活性且多样化的变体，称为SynTnpBs。对人工智能生成的变体进行高通量筛选后，得到了在细菌、植物和人类细胞中保留或超过野生型活性的编辑器。通过冷冻电子显微镜对最具差异性的变体进行基于结构的测定，揭示了RNA-DNA界面在不同构象下的稳定接触，证明了该设计方法的潜力。这些结果共同确立了一种创建非天然RNA引导核酸酶和构象活性核酸结合剂的策略，扩大了可设计蛋白质的空间。

『总结』 通过将结构引导的反向折叠模型与基于进化信息的残基约束结合，设计出活性且多样化的SynTnpBs变体，经高通量筛选和结构测定验证了其潜力，为创建非天然RNA引导核酸酶和扩大可设计蛋白质空间提供了策略。

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30. 转录生物传感器揭示α-酮戊二酸向染色质发出信号的机制

A transcriptional biosensor reveals mechanisms of α-ketoglutarate signaling to chromatin

Sternisha AC, Li H, Gajendra K, ... , DeBerardinis RJ, Morrow EM, McBrayer SK.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』The metabolite α-ketoglutarate (αKG) is required for chromatin demethylation, but mechanisms that control αKG abundance in the nucleus are poorly defined. We designed a biosensor to monitor this metabolite pool in human cells using an αKG-responsive cyanobacterial transcription factor, NtcA, and used it to identify genes that regulate αKG in the nucleus. We defined an interorganelle pathway in which sequential mitochondrial activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 2 (GPT2) and the SLC25A11 transporter supply nuclear αKG. In a mouse model of GPT2 deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism, Gpt2 loss caused histone hypermethylation in the brain and dysregulated neurodevelopmental genes. Restoring αKG counteracted these changes and promoted mouse fitness. Our work provides a tool to directly monitor nuclear αKG and reveals nuclear αKG depletion as a key pathogenic mechanism underlying GPT2 deficiency.

『摘要』 染色质去甲基化需要代谢产物α-酮戊二酸（αKG），但调控细胞核中αKG丰度的机制尚不明确。我们利用对αKG有响应的蓝藻转录因子NtcA设计了一种生物传感器，用于监测人类细胞中这种代谢物库，并利用它鉴定出调控细胞核中αKG的基因。我们确定了一条细胞器间通路，其中谷丙转氨酶2（GPT2）的线粒体连续活动和SLC25A11转运体为细胞核提供αKG。在GPT2缺陷的小鼠模型（一种先天性代谢错误）中，Gpt2缺失导致大脑组蛋白超甲基化，并使神经发育基因失调。恢复αKG可逆转这些变化并促进小鼠健康。我们的研究提供了一种直接监测细胞核αKG的工具，并揭示了细胞核αKG耗竭是GPT2缺陷背后的关键致病机制。

『总结』 研究设计生物传感器监测细胞核αKG，确定细胞器间通路为其提供αKG，发现GPT2缺陷致小鼠大脑组蛋白异常及基因失调，恢复αKG可改善，揭示了细胞核αKG耗竭是GPT2缺陷的关键致病机制。

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31. 咸海干涸重塑中亚人为碳储量

Drying of the Aral Sea reshapes the anthropogenic carbon inventory of Central Asia

Marce R, de-Quijano DD, Rodriguez-Gomez S, ... , Rodellas V, Ibanez-Insa J, Catalan N.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Lakes store large quantities of carbon in their sediments, contributing to climate regulation. Yet the fate of this carbon after lake desiccation remains unclear. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, combining sediment cores, carbon dioxide flux measurements, and remote sensing, we quantified organic carbon losses from the world's largest desiccated lake, the Aral Sea. Since 1960, exposed lake bed sediments have released 204 ± 53 teragrams of carbon (Tg C), with vegetation growth offsetting less than 1%. Incorporating these emissions alters the regional carbon budget, transforming the Aral Sea basin from a presumed land-use-change carbon sink into a net source. Reflooding the sea could prevent an additional 165 ± 13 Tg C release, reframing restoration not only as an ecological and humanitarian imperative but also as a climate mitigation opportunity.

『摘要』 湖泊在其沉积物中储存了大量碳，有助于气候调节。然而，湖泊干涸后这些碳的命运仍不明确。我们采用空间换时间的方法，结合沉积物岩芯、二氧化碳通量测量和遥感技术，对世界上最大的干涸湖泊——咸海有机碳的损失量进行了量化。自1960年以来，裸露的湖床沉积物已释放了204 ± 53太克碳（Tg C），而植被生长所抵消的碳量不到1%。将这些排放量纳入考量后，区域碳预算发生了改变，咸海流域从假定的土地利用变化碳汇转变为净碳源。重新注水咸海可防止额外释放165 ± 13 Tg C，这使咸海修复不仅成为生态和人道主义方面的必要举措，也成为应对气候变化的机会。

『总结』 研究表明湖泊干涸后沉积物碳大量释放，咸海自1960年来已释放大量碳且成净碳源，重新注水可防止更多碳释放，修复兼具生态、人道和气候意义。

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32. 组织驻留巨噬细胞恢复清除衰老中性粒细胞可限制器官衰老

Restored clearance of senescent neutrophils by tissue-resident macrophages limits organ aging

Tan YJ, Conley TE, Yao F, ... , Soehnlein O, Pitteri SJ, Andreasson KI.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Aging disrupts tissue homeostasis across organ systems. Here, we identify tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) as central coordinators of age-related organ decline through impaired clearance of senescent neutrophils, a process regulated by the immunomodulatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) receptor EP2. Reducing TRM EP2 signaling in aged mice preserved youthful mitochondrial fitness and prevented cognitive decline, frailty, sarcopenia, adiposity, cardiac impairment, and systemic inflammation. Plasma proteomics implicated the liver as a major source of age-associated immune change, in which reduced TRM EP2 signaling rescued neutrophil efferocytosis and prevented paracrine stress in neighboring cells. Elevated TRM EP2 expression and senescent neutrophils were also observed in aged and diseased human tissues. Pharmacologic EP2 inhibition restored youthful neutrophil clearance, establishing impaired TRM efferocytosis as a reversible driver of organ decline in aging.

『摘要』 衰老会破坏各器官系统的组织稳态。在此，我们发现组织驻留巨噬细胞（TRMs）是通过受损的衰老中性粒细胞清除过程（该过程受免疫调节性前列腺素E2（PGE₂）受体EP2调控）成为年龄相关器官衰退的核心协调者。减少老年小鼠TRM的EP2信号传导可保持年轻线粒体功能，并防止认知能力下降、衰弱、肌肉减少症、脂肪增多、心脏功能受损和全身炎症。血浆蛋白质组学表明肝脏是年龄相关免疫变化的主要来源，其中减少TRM的EP2信号传导可挽救中性粒细胞胞葬作用并防止邻近细胞的旁分泌应激。在老年和患病的人体组织中也观察到TRM的EP2表达升高和衰老中性粒细胞增多。药物性EP2抑制可恢复年轻中性粒细胞清除能力，证实TRM胞葬作用受损是衰老过程中器官衰退的可逆驱动因素。

『总结』 研究发现组织驻留巨噬细胞（TRMs）是年龄相关器官衰退的核心协调者，其通过EP2调控的受损衰老中性粒细胞清除过程发挥作用，减少老年小鼠TRM的EP2信号传导可改善多种衰老相关症状，且药物性EP2抑制可恢复年轻中性粒细胞清除能力，证实TRM胞葬作用受损是衰老器官衰退的可逆驱动因素。

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33. 具备量子态操控功能的稳健单电子存储器

Robust single-electron memory with quantum states manipulation

Liu C, Xiang Y, Wang C, Zhou P.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』The ultimate goal of information storage is single-electron memory. Quantum mechanics predicts that two distinguishable quantum states can be realized by confining a single electron within an ultrasmall space. However, scaling down such devices paradoxically amplifies fringe capacitance effects, which hinders the experimental observation of single-electron memory. We report a two-dimensional single-electron memory device based on a coplanar drain-channel-source structure that suppressed fringe capacitance, exhibiting a nonvolatile threshold voltage shift of 0.5 volts after the change of a single electron. Two intriguing quantum behaviors have also been verified regarding the programming voltage. Additionally, we have predicted and observed a distinctive quantum memory effect: A quantum state is cut off by density of states scissors.

『摘要』 信息存储的终极目标是单电子存储器。量子力学预测，通过将单个电子限制在超小空间内，可以实现两种可区分的量子态。然而，缩小这类器件的尺寸反而会放大边缘电容效应，阻碍对单电子存储器的实验观测。我们报道了一种基于共面漏极-沟道-源极结构的二维单电子存储器，该器件抑制了边缘电容效应，在单个电子变化后表现出0.5伏特的非易失性阈值电压偏移。关于编程电压，还验证了两种有趣的量子行为。此外，我们预测并观察到了一种独特的量子记忆效应：量子态被态密度剪刀切断。

『总结』 量子力学预测单电子限制在超小空间可实现两种可区分量子态，但缩小此类器件尺寸会放大边缘电容效应，阻碍单电子存储器实验观测，本文报道了基于共面结构的二维单电子存储器，抑制了边缘电容效应，还验证了两种有趣量子行为，预测并观察到一种独特量子记忆效应。

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34. 海洋转换断层上的周期性密封与排水

Cyclic sealing and drainage on an oceanic transform fault

Yang H, Ye L, Zhang H.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Oceanic transform faults have been considered conservative, shear-dominated boundaries, yet their proximity to magmatic systems implies fluid involvement. In this work, we discovered tidally modulated tremor at the Gofar transform fault along the East Pacific Rise. Tremor amplitude correlates with semidiurnal tides during periods of sparse seismicity and low in situ compressional to shear wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), but this correlation weakens following earthquake swarms accompanied by high Vp/Vs. We propose a valve-like sealing-drainage dynamic process where sealing traps volatiles and boosts tidal sensitivity, sustaining tremor activity until rupture opens high porosity and permeability pathways, which silences tremors, triggers microseismicity, and resets the system through hydrothermal resealing. Thus, transform faults are likely permeable and tide critical, with energy release oscillating between tremors and rupture, paced by magmatic volatile supply and healing.

『摘要』 海洋转换断层一直被视为保守的、以剪切作用为主的边界，然而它们靠近岩浆系统，这表明有流体参与其中。在本研究中，我们在东太平洋海隆沿线的戈法尔转换断层发现了受潮汐调制的震颤。在地震活动稀少且现场压缩波与剪切波速度比（Vp/Vs）较低的时期，震颤幅度与半日潮相关，但在伴随高Vp/Vs的地震群发生后，这种相关性减弱。我们提出了一种类似阀门的密封-排水动态过程，即密封作用会捕获挥发物并增强潮汐敏感性，维持震颤活动，直到破裂打开高孔隙度和渗透性通道，使震颤停止，引发微地震活动，并通过热液重新密封重置系统。因此，转换断层很可能具有渗透性且对潮汐极为敏感，能量释放在震颤和破裂之间振荡，其节奏受岩浆挥发物供应和愈合过程控制。

『总结』 研究发现海洋转换断层存在受潮汐调制的震颤，提出阀门式密封-排水动态过程解释其机制，表明转换断层具渗透性且对潮汐敏感，能量释放受岩浆挥发物和愈合控制。

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35. 性能权衡界定了哺乳动物牙齿的基本二分性

Performance trade-offs define a fundamental dental dichotomy in mammals

Chatar N, Vankelst M, Perez-Ramos A, ... , Michaud M, Raskin LY, Tseng ZJ.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Teeth define mammalian evolution, and one of many adaptive dental breakthroughs in crown mammals is the tribosphenic molar: a tooth with a dual shearing-crushing function, often considered a key adaptation in crown mammals. However, we do not know how potential trade-offs between these antagonistic functions may influence the macroevolutionary outcomes of mammalian lineages. Here, we show that predatory mammals evolved dichotomized performance in their tribosphenic carnassial teeth, with slicing constrained to a narrow set of optimal phenotypes and crushing exhibiting redundant solutions. Less than 1% of predators evolved optimized shearing and crushing. The fundamental trade-off in functions of the tribosphenic architecture promoted divergent macroevolutionary specializations rather than functional duality. These results highlight how key innovations can drive early evolutionary success while simultaneously constraining subsequent diversification.

『摘要』 牙齿界定了哺乳动物的进化，真兽类哺乳动物众多适应性牙齿突破之一是三锥齿式臼齿：一种具有双重剪切 - 碾压功能的牙齿，通常被认为是真兽类哺乳动物的一项关键适应性特征。然而，我们并不清楚这些相互对立的功能之间潜在的权衡可能会如何影响哺乳动物谱系的宏观进化结果。在此，我们表明，肉食性哺乳动物的三锥齿式裂齿在性能上出现了分化，其切割功能局限于一组狭窄的最佳表型，而碾压功能则表现出冗余的解决方案。只有不到 1%的食肉动物进化出了优化的剪切和碾压功能。三锥齿式结构的根本功能权衡促进了不同的宏观进化特化，而非功能双重性。这些结果突显了关键创新如何既能推动早期的进化成功，又能同时限制后续的多样化发展。

『总结』 研究表明肉食性哺乳动物三锥齿式裂齿功能性能分化，根本功能权衡促宏观进化特化，关键创新影响进化成功与多样化。

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36. TOPMed中表达与可变剪接数量性状位点的跨队列分析

Cross-cohort analysis of expression and splicing quantitative trait loci in TOPMed

Orchard P, Blackwell TW, Kachuri L, ... , Zhao SX, Zhao W, Zhu X.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Most genetic variants associated with complex traits are hypothesized to regulate gene expression. To understand the genetics underlying gene expression variability, we characterized 14,324 RNA-sequencing samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program and performed expression and splicing quantitative trait locus (e/sQTL) analyses in six tissues and cell types, including whole blood (n = 6454) and lung (n = 1291). We detected tens of thousands of secondary cis-e/sQTLs, showing that secondary cis-e/sQTL discovery remains unsaturated. We fine-mapped UK Biobank-derived genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals from 164 traits and identified e/sQTL colocalizations for 10,611 GWAS signals, including 7096 that colocalize with secondary e/sQTLs. Our results suggest that even larger e/sQTL analyses will uncover additional secondary e/sQTLs, further benefiting GWAS interpretation.

『摘要』 与复杂性状相关的大多数遗传变异被认为可以调控基因表达。为了了解基因表达变异背后的遗传机制，我们描述了来自精准医学全转录组计划（Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program）的14324份RNA测序样本，并在六种组织和细胞类型中进行了表达及剪接数量性状位点（e/sQTL）分析，这些组织和细胞类型包括全血（n = 6454）和肺（n = 1291）。我们检测到了数万个次级顺式e/sQTL，表明次级顺式e/sQTL的发现尚未饱和。我们对来自英国生物银行（UK Biobank）的164种性状的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）信号进行了精细定位，并确定了10611个GWAS信号的e/sQTL共定位，其中包括7096个与次级e/sQTL共定位的信号。我们的研究结果表明，更大规模的e/sQTL分析将发现更多的次级e/sQTL，从而进一步促进对GWAS结果的解读。

『总结』 研究通过分析14324份RNA测序样本发现大量次级e/sQTL，精细定位GWAS信号并确定共定位，表明更大规模分析将促进GWAS解读。

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37. 用于下一代互连的魏德曼（Weyl）半金属NbAs纳米线中的表面主导传输

Surface-dominant transport in Weyl semimetal NbAs nanowires for next-generation interconnects

Cheon Y, Kiani MT, Tu YH, ... , Liang G, Chen CT, Cha JJ.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Ongoing demands for smaller and more energy-efficient electronic devices necessitate alternative interconnect materials with lower electrical resistivity at reduced dimensions. We report the synthesis of Weyl semimetal niobium arsenide (NbAs) nanowires through thermomechanical nanomolding with single crystallinity and controlled diameters down to 40 nanometers. The resistivity of NbAs nanowires decreases with decreasing diameter, and 40-nanometer-diameter nanowires exhibited a room-temperature resistivity of 10.5 ± 1.9 microhm·centimeters, which is ~70% lower than their bulk counterpart. Calculations attribute this resistivity reduction to surface-dominant conduction with a long carrier lifetime at finite temperatures. Further characterization of nanowires and bulk crystals revealed high breakdown current density, stability, and thermal conductivity. These properties highlight the potential of NbAs nanowires as next-generation interconnects that could surpass the limitations of current copper-based interconnects.

『摘要』 当前对更小、更节能的电子设备的需求，促使人们寻找在尺寸缩小情况下具有更低电阻率的替代互连材料。我们报道了通过热机械纳米成型技术合成了具有单晶结构且直径可控低至40纳米的外尔半金属砷化铌（NbAs）纳米线。NbAs纳米线的电阻率随直径减小而降低，直径为40纳米的纳米线在室温下的电阻率为10.5 ± 1.9微欧·厘米，比其块体材料低约70%。计算表明，这种电阻率降低归因于在有限温度下表面主导的传导且载流子寿命长。对纳米线和块体晶体的进一步表征显示，它们具有高击穿电流密度、稳定性和热导率。这些特性凸显了NbAs纳米线作为下一代互连材料的潜力，有望突破当前铜基互连材料的局限。

『总结』 对更小更节能电子设备的需求促使寻找替代互连材料，研究发现NbAs纳米线电阻率随直径减小而降低，且具备多种优良特性，凸显其作为下一代互连材料超越铜基互连局限的潜力。

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38. 冷放射性分子的产生与光谱学

Production and spectroscopy of cold radioactive molecules

Conn CJ, Yu P, Howard MI, ... , Steimle TC, Cheng L, Hutzler NR.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Molecules with heavy, radioactive nuclei promise extreme sensitivity to fundamental nuclear and particle physics. However, these nuclei are available in limited quantities, which challenges their use in precision measurements. Here we demonstrate the gas-phase synthesis, cryogenic cooling, and high-resolution laser spectroscopy of radium monohydroxide, monodeuteroxide, and monofluoride molecules (RaOH, RaOD, and RaF) in a tabletop apparatus by combining trace radioactive target production protocols, optically driven chemistry in a cryogenic buffer gas, and low-background spectroscopic detection methods. The molecules are cooled in the lab frame, creating conditions that are the same starting points as those for many current molecular precision measurement and quantum information experiments. This approach can be readily applied to a wide range of species and establishes key capabilities for molecular quantum sensing of exotic nuclei.

『摘要』 具有重放射性核的分子对基本核物理和粒子物理具有极高的灵敏度。然而，这些核的数量有限，给其用于精密测量带来了挑战。在此，我们通过结合微量放射性靶生产协议、低温缓冲气体中的光驱动化学反应以及低背景光谱检测方法，在台式装置中演示了氢氧化镭、一氧化氘镭和氟化镭分子（RaOH、RaOD和RaF）的气相合成、低温冷却和高分辨率激光光谱分析。这些分子在实验室框架中被冷却，创造了与许多当前分子精密测量和量子信息实验相同起点的条件。这种方法可轻松应用于多种物种，并为奇异核的分子量子传感建立了关键能力。

『总结』 研究演示了氢氧化镭、一氧化氘镭和氟化镭分子的气相合成、低温冷却和高分辨率激光光谱分析，为奇异核的分子量子传感建立关键能力。

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39. CA3锥体神经元树突沿线的并行独立电压计算

Parallel independent voltage computing along dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons

Noguchi A, Terada S, Zakka GN, ... , Rozsa BJ, St-Pierre F, Losonczy A.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Dendritic computation contributes to information processing in cortical circuits. Hippocampal CA3 plays a central role in navigation, but how the dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons process information in vivo remains largely unknown. Using voltage imaging across dendrites and somata of CA3 pyramidal neurons during virtual reality-guided navigation in mice, we found that the dendritic arbor comprises multiple independent computational units that can dynamically couple to or dissociate from somatic activity, depending on behavioral conditions. Dendritic activity shapes subcellular representations of space, reward, and context through conditional coupling to the somatic output. Furthermore, spatially cotuned dendrites retain their coordination during sharp-wave ripples. These findings demonstrate that past, present, and future representations coexist within the dendritic arbor of CA3 pyramidal neurons, collectively shaping behaviorally relevant neuronal coding.

『摘要』 树突计算有助于皮层回路中的信息处理。海马体CA3区在导航中起着核心作用，但CA3锥体神经元的树突在体内如何处理信息在很大程度上仍属未知。在小鼠虚拟现实导航过程中，我们利用电压成像技术观察CA3锥体神经元的树突和胞体，发现树突树由多个独立计算单元组成，这些单元可根据行为条件与胞体活动动态耦合或解耦。树突活动通过与胞体输出的条件性耦合，塑造了空间、奖励和环境的亚细胞表征。此外，空间共同调谐的树突在尖波涟漪期间仍保持协调。这些发现表明，过去、现在和未来的表征在CA3锥体神经元的树突树中共存，共同塑造了与行为相关的神经元编码。

『总结』 研究发现海马体CA3锥体神经元的树突由多个独立计算单元构成，这些单元可动态耦合或解耦胞体活动，通过条件性耦合塑造亚细胞表征，且不同表征在树突树中共存并共同影响神经元编码。

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40. 原子尺度下几何驱动的可逆固液相变

Geometrically driven reversible solid-liquid phase transition at the atomic scale

Cui W, Qian C, Lin W, ... , Ding F, Sang X, Fu Z.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』Atomic-resolution observation of the liquid-solid phase transition within a geometrically confined nanocluster provides fundamental insights into heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms. In this work, using in situ transmission electron microscopy, we directly control and observe a single critical-sized bismuth nanocluster within a tunable nanoscale gap, driving it through a reversible cycle from quasi-amorphous nanodisc, to crystalline nanowire, to liquid nanodroplet. The cluster's aspect ratio, rather than its volume, is the primary descriptor governing these phase transitions, determined by the interplay between intrinsic surface anisotropy and interfacial energetics. Confinement also imposes texture, forcing the nanowire to adopt a preferred [Formula: see text] orientation that is absent in unconfined nanoparticles. These results provide the mechanistic foundation for geometry-driven phase and orientation selection, which enables the rational design of nanomaterials through engineered confinement.

『摘要』 在几何受限纳米团簇内对液-固相变的原子级分辨率观测，为非均相成核机制提供了基础性见解。本研究采用原位透射电子显微镜技术，直接控制并观察了可调纳米间隙内单个临界尺寸的铋纳米团簇，驱动其经历从准非晶纳米圆盘到晶体纳米线再到液态纳米液滴的可逆循环。决定这些相变的主要描述符是团簇的纵横比而非体积，这取决于内在表面各向异性与界面能量学的相互作用。受限空间还会影响结构，使纳米线形成在无约束纳米颗粒中不存在的特定[公式：见正文]取向。这些结果为几何驱动的相和取向选择提供了机制基础，使通过工程化受限设计纳米材料成为可能。

『总结』 研究通过原子级观测几何受限纳米团簇的液-固相变，揭示纵横比主导相变机制及受限空间对晶体取向的调控作用，为纳米材料设计提供新思路。

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41. 追寻圣赫勒拿岛获释非洲人的起源

Tracing the origins of St Helena's liberated Africans

Wang X, Watson J, Bennett H, ... , Laffoon J, Oelze VM, Schroeder H.; science; (393, 6808)

『Abstract』In the mid-19th century, St Helena became a key receiving point for Africans "liberated" from illegal slave ships by the British Royal Navy. Of the ~27,000 landed, ~8000 died soon after arrival and were buried locally. In connection with a broader community-led commemorative effort, we analyzed tooth enamel strontium isotope (Sr/Sr) data for 152 individuals, including high-resolution intratooth profiles, to identify likely origins and infer forced movements before embarkation. Isoscape-based probabilistic assignment, integrated with historical evidence and published ancient DNA data, constrains homelands ranging from coastal Central Africa to far inland areas, revealing long-distance movements, sometimes beginning in childhood. By refining provenance, these data informed local decisions about care and potential repatriation, highlighting the complexities of return and ultimately supporting reburial on St Helena.

『摘要』 19世纪中期，圣赫勒拿岛成为英国皇家海军从非法贩奴船上“解放”的非洲人的关键接收点。约2.7万名获救者中，约8000人在抵达后不久死亡并就地安葬。作为一项由社区主导的纪念活动的一部分，我们分析了152名个体的牙齿釉质锶同位素（Sr/Sr）数据，包括高分辨率的牙齿内剖面，以确定他们可能的起源地并推断他们登船前的强制迁移情况。基于同位素景观的概率分配，结合历史证据和已发表的古DNA数据，确定了他们的家乡范围从非洲中部沿海地区到内陆深处，揭示了长途迁徙，有时从童年时期就开始了。通过细化来源信息，这些数据为当地关于照料和潜在遣返的决策提供了依据，凸显了遣返的复杂性，并最终支持在圣赫勒拿岛重新安葬。

『总结』 19世纪中期圣赫勒拿岛接收英国皇家海军从非法贩奴船上解救的非洲人，约8000人抵达后死亡，研究分析152名个体牙齿釉质锶同位素数据确定其家乡，为当地决策提供依据并支持在岛上重新安葬。

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