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1. 白矮星大气中的气溶胶和碳氢化合物

Aerosols and hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of a white dwarf planet

MacDonald RJ, O'Connor CE, Boehm VA, ... , Marley MS, Mishra I, Mullally SE.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Most stars, including our Sun, will one day evolve into red giants and, subsequently, white dwarfs. Several planet candidates have recently been identified orbiting white dwarfs, demonstrating that planets can survive the stellar post-main-sequence stage intact. Little is known about the atmospheric composition of post-main-sequence planets, with the most evolved transiting planets with atmospheric detections so far orbiting subgiants. Here we report an atmospheric detection for the white dwarf planet WD 1856 b, achieved through transmission spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) PRISM. Our 0.5-5.0-μm spectrum reveals the presence of hydrocarbons (odds ratio of 167:1-5,377:1, with CH₄ preferred at 17:1-30:1), aerosols (2 × 10⁵:1-2 × 10⁶:1) and thermal emission from the planetary nightside (2 × 10⁶³:1-2 × 10⁷³:1). Our spectral analysis constrains the mass of WD 1856 b to 4.3-10.9 M_J, finds a carbon-enriched atmosphere (with a CH₄ abundance of approximately 7%) and an effective temperature exceeding the expected planetary equilibrium temperature (390-412 K versus 160 K). On the basis of cooling models, these results indicate that WD 1856 b underwent a migration-related reheating event 3.0-5.5 Gyr into the white dwarf phase, consistent with post-main-sequence tidal evolution to the present-day 0.02-AU circular orbit. Our results provide a window into the ultimate fate of giant planets orbiting stars with masses similar to our Sun.

『摘要』 包括太阳在内的大多数恒星，终有一天会演化成红巨星，随后演变成白矮星。最近已发现多个围绕白矮星运行的候选行星，这表明行星能够在恒星后主序阶段完好无损地存续下来。目前，人们对后主序行星的大气成分知之甚少，迄今为止，通过大气探测发现的进化程度最高的过境行星都是围绕亚巨星运行的。本文报告了利用詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜（JWST）近红外光谱仪（NIRSpec）PRISM进行透射光谱分析，在白矮星行星WD 1856 b上检测到了大气层。0.5-5.0微米的光谱显示存在碳氢化合物（比值为167:1-5377:1，其中CH₄的比值为17:1-30:1）、气溶胶（2×10⁵:1-2×10⁶:1）和行星夜侧发出的热辐射（2×10⁶³:1-2×10⁷³:1）。光谱分析将WD 1856 b的质量限制在4.3-10.9MJ范围内，发现其大气富含碳（CH₄含量约为7%），且有效温度高于预期的行星平衡温度（390-412K，而预期为160K）。基于冷却模型，这些结果表明WD 1856 b在进入白矮星阶段30-55亿年后，经历了一次与迁移相关的再加热事件，这与后主序阶段潮汐演化到现今0.02天文单位圆形轨道的情况相符。我们的研究结果为人们了解围绕与太阳质量相似恒星运行的巨行星的最终命运提供了窗口。

『总结』 研究利用JWST对白矮星WD 1856 b进行透射光谱分析，发现其大气含碳氢化合物、气溶胶和夜侧热辐射，推断其经历过迁移相关的再加热事件，为巨行星最终命运提供线索。

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2. 快速形成以强化富锂正极材料

Fast formation to reinforce lithium-rich cathodes

Fan M, Li J, Gao G, ... , Lin J, Peng DL, Xie Q.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Formation in lithium-ion battery manufacturing typically involves low-rate charge-discharge cycles to establish stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces-a time-consuming process. Here, our findings on lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes challenge the necessity of conventional formation, which can even shorten battery lifespan. Fast formation, on the other hand, reduces production cost and enhances capacity and stability. Multiscale synchrotron-based techniques show that residual lithium ions after the initial charge are critical for subsequent structural evolution and cycling performance. Deep lithium de-intercalation causes severe structural degradation and capacity loss due to the inherently fragile lithium-deficient matrix. By contrast, the residual lithium ions from fast formation enhance reversibility through a self-pinning effect, preventing pernicious lattice deformation and reinforcing the ion-storage framework. Adjusting the initial charge current density from 0.2 C to 2 C improves reversible capacity by 20% and extends cycle life by more than 36%. This approach can also be extended to other electrode systems, providing insights for more-efficient battery production.

『摘要』 锂离子电池制造中的化成过程通常涉及低倍率充放电循环，以建立稳定的电极-电解质界面，但这一过程耗时较长。我们的研究发现，富锂层状氧化物正极材料对传统化成工艺的必要性提出了挑战，传统化成甚至可能缩短电池寿命。相反，快速化成可降低生产成本，提高电池容量和稳定性。基于多尺度同步辐射技术的研究表明，初始充电后残留的锂离子对后续结构演变和循环性能至关重要。深度锂脱嵌会因锂缺乏基质固有的脆弱性导致严重的结构退化和容量损失。相比之下，快速化成过程中残留的锂离子通过自钉扎效应增强可逆性，防止有害的晶格变形，强化离子存储框架。将初始充电电流密度从0.2 C调整至2 C，可使可逆容量提高20%，循环寿命延长36%以上。该方法还可推广至其他电极体系，为更高效的电池生产提供思路。

『总结』 富锂层状氧化物正极材料挑战了传统化成工艺的必要性，快速化成可降低成本并提升性能，残留锂离子通过自钉扎效应增强可逆性，调整初始充电电流密度可显著提升容量和寿命，且该方法可推广至其他电极体系。

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3. 医学基因组标准与资源整合

Harmonizing standards and resources for the medical genome

Ashley EA, Alizadeh AA, Armitage H, ... , Zook JM, Minor LB, Doudna JA.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Realizing the promise of precision medicine will require the highest standards of accuracy in genome sequencing and analysis. Here we describe challenges and opportunities for the field through the lens of genome data quality. We present recommendations in the context of specific areas of application for genomic sequencing in which isolated standards have arisen: germline sequencing, tumour sequencing, cell-free DNA testing, and sequencing for quality control in genetic therapy. Despite these distinct clinical contexts, technical challenges are often similar; for example, accurately detecting low-frequency genetic variants in tumour sequencing or gene-edited cells. We call for increased synchronization among these communities to establish new medical genome standards that promote confidence in genomic diagnostics and genetic therapies in a time of rapid technology-driven change. We suggest practical approaches for implementing these genome standards across contexts, and identify key areas that require further development.

『摘要』 实现精准医疗的承诺需要基因组测序和分析达到最高标准的准确性。本文通过基因组数据质量的角度，阐述了该领域面临的挑战和机遇。我们针对基因组测序的特定应用领域提出了建议，这些领域已形成了各自独立的标准，包括生殖细胞系测序、肿瘤测序、游离DNA检测以及遗传治疗中的质量控制测序。尽管这些临床应用场景各不相同，但技术挑战往往相似，例如在肿瘤测序或基因编辑细胞中准确检测低频遗传变异。我们呼吁这些群体加强同步协作，以建立新的医学基因组标准，在技术快速变革的时代增强对基因组诊断和基因治疗的信心。我们提出了跨场景实施这些基因组标准的实用方法，并指出了需要进一步发展的关键领域。

『总结』 本文通过基因组数据质量视角探讨了精准医疗领域面临的挑战与机遇，呼吁加强跨领域协作以建立新的医学基因组标准，并提出了实施建议和关键发展方向。

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4. 在2400°C下抗拉强度可达100 MPa的韧性合金

Ductile alloys offering 100 MPa tensile strength at 2,400 °C

Xue M, Li S, Wang J, ... , Ding X, Ma E, Sun J.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Extreme applications call for materials that are not only strong to withstand thermomechanical loads at temperatures in excess of 2,000 °C (refs. ), but also highly formable at room temperature to allow for processing into complex-shaped parts. The latter excludes brittle ceramics and intermetallic compounds, limiting the selection to highly ductile metals and their alloys, but for them, an adequate strength at ultrahigh temperatures seems unreachable. Here we show a breakthrough in casting alloys that achieve both simultaneously. A boron-stabilized HfO₂-strengthened Ta-based alloy was carefully crafted using a new boron-intervened in situ oxidation reaction, producing about 50-nm diameter oxide particles dispersed densely and uniformly in the grain interior. The new alloy fills the blank at ultrahigh temperatures in terms of tensile yield strength, around 200 MPa at 2,000 °C and 100 MPa at 2,400 °C, while simultaneously possessing an excellent strength-ductility balance at room temperature (ultimate tensile strength >800 MPa, elongation-to-failure of about 35%), a property combination surpassing all previous refractory (including multi-principal-element) alloys. Moreover, the boron segregation around the oxide nanoparticles imparts excellent thermal stability against coarsening at 2,000-2,400 °C. Our strategy thus goes beyond traditional oxide-dispersion strengthening to enable highly ductile refractory alloys that are capable of load-bearing applications at extreme temperatures.

『摘要』 极端应用要求材料不仅强度高，能在超过2000℃的高温下承受热机械载荷，而且在室温下具有高成型性，以便加工成复杂形状的零件。后者排除了脆性陶瓷和金属间化合物，材料选择仅限于高延展性金属及其合金，但这些材料在超高温下似乎无法达到足够的强度。本文展示了在铸造合金方面取得的突破，该合金可同时实现这两种特性。利用新型硼介导的原位氧化反应，精心制备了一种硼稳定的HfO₂增强的钽基合金，在晶粒内部密集且均匀地分散了直径约50纳米的氧化物颗粒。这种新合金在超高温下填补了拉伸屈服强度领域的空白，在2000℃时约为200兆帕，在2400℃时约为100兆帕，同时室温下具有出色的强度与延展性平衡（极限抗拉强度大于800兆帕，断裂伸长率约35%），这一性能组合超越了以往所有耐火（包括多主元）合金。此外，氧化物纳米颗粒周围的硼偏析赋予了该合金在2000-2400℃下出色的抗粗化热稳定性。因此，本文的策略超越了传统的氧化物弥散强化，实现了能在极端温度下承载应用的高延展性耐火合金。

『总结』 本文开发了一种硼稳定的HfO₂增强的钽基合金，该合金在超高温下具有出色的拉伸屈服强度，同时在室温下兼具高强度与延展性，且在极端温度下具有出色的抗粗化热稳定性。

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5. GW250114揭示了合并后黑洞视界的特征

GW250114 reveals signatures of post-merger black-hole horizon

Lu N, Ma S, Piccinni OJ, Chen Y, Sun L.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』The horizon of a black hole, the 'surface of no return', is characterized by its rotation frequency Ω_H and surface gravity κ. A striking signature is that any infalling object appears to orbit at Ω_H owing to frame dragging, while its emitted signals decay exponentially at a rate set by κ as a consequence of gravitational redshift. Recent theoretical work predicts that gravitational waves from binary black-hole mergers carry direct imprints of the properties of the merger remnant in the form of a 'direct wave'. This gravitational-wave component oscillates near 2Ω_H, reflecting the horizon's frame dragging, and decays at an increasing rate characterized by κ, with additional screening from the black hole's spacetime. Here we report observational evidence of a direct wave in GW250114², with a 90% credible matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 15.8-0.5+0.1 ( 17.1-0.4+0.1 ) in the LIGO Hanford (Livingston) detector. The measured properties are in full agreement with theoretical predictions for a Kerr black hole. These findings establish an observational channel to directly measure frame-dragging effects in black-hole ergospheres and explore (near-)horizon physics in dynamical, strong-gravity regimes.

『摘要』 黑洞的视界，即“有去无回的表面”，其特征在于旋转频率Ω_H和表面引力κ。一个显著特征是，由于参考系拖拽效应，任何落入黑洞的物体似乎都以Ω_H的频率旋转，而其发出的信号由于引力红移效应，会以κ设定的速率呈指数衰减。近期理论研究表明，双黑洞合并产生的引力波会以“直接波”的形式直接留下合并残余物的特性印记。这一引力波分量在2Ω_H附近振荡，反映了视界的参考系拖拽效应，且以由κ表征的递增速率衰减，同时受到黑洞时空的额外屏蔽。我们报告了在GW250114²中观测到直接波的证据，其在LIGO汉福德（利文斯顿）探测器中的90%置信匹配滤波信噪比为15.8-0.5+0.1（17.1-0.4+0.1）。测量结果与克尔黑洞的理论预测完全一致。这些发现为直接测量黑洞能层中的参考系拖拽效应以及探索动态强引力场中的（近）视界物理提供了观测途径。

『总结』 研究报告了GW250114事件中直接波的观测证据，测量结果与理论预测一致，为直接测量黑洞能层中的参考系拖拽效应和探索近视界物理提供了观测途径。

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6. 深度剖析人类四十年迁徙历程

Deep learning four decades of human migration

Gaskin T, Abel GJ.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Human migration is a fundamental driver of global demographic change, shaping population structure, labour markets and social policy across countries. Although long-term migration patterns are often linked to economic development, they can shift rapidly in response to shocks such as conflict, environmental crises and political change. Despite its importance, migration remains difficult to measure consistently: existing data are sparse, concentrated in high-income settings and are fragmented across incompatible definitions, temporal resolutions and data types. Past efforts have relied on partial datasets, including flow records, stock estimates and model-based reconstructions with limited coverage. A central challenge is therefore to construct a globally consistent, high-resolution account of migration flows over time. Here we present a new dataset of annual origin-destination migration across 230 countries and regions from 1990 to the present, integrating diverse data sources into a unified modelling framework. By combining official statistics, census-based stocks, net migration estimates and past flow reconstructions, our approach produces temporally detailed and spatially comprehensive estimates that substantially extend existing resources. Using an ensemble of deep recurrent neural networks informed by geographic, economic, cultural and political covariates, we capture both persistent trends and short-term responses to changing conditions-all while propagating uncertainty to generate confidence bounds. Our results outperform existing five-year flow estimates on held-out data and provide finer temporal resolution, revealing previously obscured dynamics in global migration patterns. This framework highlights regions in which uncertainty remains high and data collection is most urgently needed. By releasing all data, code and trained models, we provide a transparent and reproducible foundation for future work. These advances enable a more timely and detailed understanding of human mobility, with implications for research and policy in an increasingly dynamic global system.

『摘要』 人口迁移是全球人口结构变化的基本驱动力，影响着各国的人口结构、劳动力市场和社会政策。尽管长期的人口迁移模式往往与经济发展相关，但它们会因冲突、环境危机和政治变革等冲击而迅速改变。尽管人口迁移很重要，但对其进行一致性的测量仍然困难：现有数据稀少，主要集中在高收入环境，并且因定义、时间分辨率和数据类型不同而碎片化。过去的研究依赖于局部数据集，包括流动记录、存量估计和基于模型的重建，但覆盖范围有限。因此，当前面临的主要挑战是构建一个全球一致、高分辨率的长期人口迁移流动记录。在此，我们展示了一个涵盖1990年至今的230个国家和地区年度迁出地-迁入地迁移的新数据集，该数据集将各种数据来源整合到一个统一的建模框架中。我们的方法结合了官方统计数据、基于人口普查的存量数据、净迁移估计和过去的流动重建，生成了具有时间细节和空间全面性的估计，大大扩展了现有资源。利用地理、经济、文化和政治协变量构建的深度循环神经网络集合，我们既捕捉到了持续的趋势，也捕捉到了对不断变化条件的短期反应，同时传播不确定性以生成置信区间。我们的结果在保留数据上优于现有的五年流动估计，并提供了更精细的时间分辨率，揭示了全球人口迁移模式中此前被掩盖的动态。这一框架突出了不确定性仍然较高、亟需数据收集的地区。通过发布所有数据、代码和训练好的模型，我们为未来的研究提供了透明且可复制的基础。这些进展使人们能够更及时、详细地了解人口流动，对日益动态的全球体系中的研究和政策产生影响。

『总结』 研究构建了1990年至今的230个国家和地区年度迁出地-迁入地迁移数据集，整合了多种数据源，采用深度循环神经网络集合捕捉人口迁移趋势和短期反应，为未来研究提供了透明可复制的基础，有助于更及时详细地了解人口流动。

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7. 利用深度学习发现的一种与心源性猝死相关的心电图生物标志物

An ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death discovered with deep learning

Obermeyer Z, Schubert A, Ross J, Mullainathan S, Lingman M.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Sudden cardiac death is, in theory, preventable with defibrillators. But every year, many patients die without defibrillators because doctors fail to predict their risk. The only predictive biomarker in wide use, cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), misses most sudden cardiac deaths, and flags many low-risk patients for futile defibrillators that never fire. Here we apply deep learning to a dataset linking all electrocardiograms (ECGs) in a Swedish region to death certificates. The resulting model isolates a high-risk group (2.2% of the sample) with a 7.0% annual rate of sudden cardiac death, higher than those with reduced LVEF (1.9% of the sample; 4.6% annual rate). Notably, 86.1% of the model's high-risk patients were not flagged by LVEF. High-risk ECG patients with defibrillators implanted were 54.4% less likely to die than expected, suggesting a mortality benefit. We externally validate the model in a US health system, in which it predicts ventricular arrhythmias that cause sudden death; and a Taiwanese hospital registry, in which it specifically predicts future arrhythmic cardiac arrests. To visualize the waveform morphology 'discovered' by the predictive model, we pair it with a generative model of the ECG waveform. Together, they reveal a biomarker that is easily visible and robustly predicts sudden cardiac death, but has not to our knowledge been previously described. Tying the biomarker's shape to electrophysiological first principles, we form and preliminarily test a new hypothesis on the mechanism of sudden cardiac death.

『摘要』 理论上，使用除颤器可预防心源性猝死。然而，每年都有许多患者因医生未能预测其风险而未使用除颤器便死亡。目前广泛使用的唯一预测性生物标志物——心脏左心室射血分数（LVEF），会漏掉大多数心源性猝死患者，同时错误地将许多低风险患者标记为需要植入除颤器，而实际上这些除颤器从未启动过。本研究应用深度学习技术，对瑞典某地区所有心电图（ECG）与死亡证明书相关联的数据集进行分析。所得模型识别出了一个高风险群体（占样本的2.2%），其年心源性猝死率为7.0%，高于LVEF降低的患者（占样本的1.9%，年心源性猝死率为4.6%）。值得注意的是，模型识别出的86.1%的高风险患者未被LVEF标记。植入除颤器的高风险心电图患者死亡的可能性比预期低54.4%，这表明除颤器可降低死亡率。我们在美国卫生系统中对模型进行了外部验证，该模型可预测导致猝死的室性心律失常；在台湾医院登记处也进行了验证，该模型可专门预测未来的心律失常性心脏骤停。为了可视化预测模型“发现”的波形形态，我们将其与心电图波形生成模型配对。二者共同揭示了一种易于观察且能可靠预测心源性猝死的生物标志物，据我们所知，此前尚未有相关描述。通过将生物标志物的形态与电生理第一原理联系起来，我们提出并初步测试了一个关于心源性猝死机制的新假设。

『总结』 研究利用深度学习技术，通过分析心电图数据识别出心源性猝死的高风险群体，揭示了一种新的生物标志物，并提出了关于心源性猝死机制的新假设。

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8. 用于双向光控制的傅里叶像素

Fourier pixels for bidirectional light control

Glauser YM, Vonk SJW, Seda DB, ... , Nagamine G, Lassaline N, Norris DJ.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Digital cameras and displays use picture elements (pixels) that perform a single function: detecting or emitting light intensity. To exploit the full information content of electromagnetic waves, more advanced elements are required. This has driven the development of multifunctional components that, for example, simultaneously detect and emit intensity or extract intensity and spectral information. However, no pixel exists that both senses and generates optical wavefronts with full control over amplitude, phase and polarization, limiting bidirectional control and feedback of sophisticated light fields. Here we present a route to such pixels by demonstrating a versatile platform of miniaturized diffractive elements based on Fourier optics. We use plasmonic surface waves, which propagate coherently and efficiently across metallic surfaces. When these plasmons are launched towards wavy microstructures designed with simple Fourier analysis, arbitrary and background-free optical wavefronts are generated. Conversely, incoming light can be sensed, and its amplitude, phase and polarization can be fully characterized. By combining or superposing several such components, we create multifunctional 'Fourier pixels' that provide compact and accurate control over the optical field. Our approach, which we extend to photonic waveguide modes, establishes a scalable, universal architecture for vectorially programmable pixels with applications in adaptive optics, holographic displays, optical communication and quantum information processing.

『摘要』 数码相机和显示器使用的图像元素（像素）仅执行单一功能：检测或发射光强度。为了充分利用电磁波的全部信息，需要更先进的元件。这推动了多功能元件的发展，例如，这些元件可以同时检测和发射光强度，或提取强度和光谱信息。然而，目前尚不存在既能感知又能生成光学波前，且能完全控制振幅、相位和偏振的像素，这限制了对复杂光场的双向控制和反馈。本文展示了一种实现此类像素的方法，通过演示一种基于傅里叶光学的小型化衍射元件多功能平台来实现。我们使用在金属表面高效且相干传播的等离子体表面波。当这些等离子体波被发射到通过简单傅里叶分析设计的波状微结构上时，可生成任意且无背景的光学波前。反之，入射光可被感知，其振幅、相位和偏振可被完全表征。通过组合或叠加多个此类元件，我们创建了多功能“傅里叶像素”，可对光场进行紧凑而精确的控制。我们将这种方法扩展到光子波导模式，为矢量可编程像素建立了一种可扩展的通用架构，可应用于自适应光学、全息显示、光通信和量子信息处理等领域。

『总结』 本文提出了一种基于傅里叶光学的小型化衍射元件多功能平台，可创建多功能“傅里叶像素”，实现对光场的精确控制，为矢量可编程像素建立通用架构，具有广泛的应用前景。

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9. 具有全互连功能的98量子比特离子阱量子计算机

A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all connectivity

Ransford A, Allman MS, Arkinstall J, ... , Neyenhuis B, Stutz R, Bohnet JG.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Quantum computers require both high-fidelity operations and large qubit numbers to surpass classical capabilities. Trapped-ion platforms have demonstrated the highest gate fidelities of any modality but scaling to larger qubit numbers while preserving performance has remained a central challenge. We report on Quantinuum Helios, a 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor based on the quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Helios features Ba⁺ hyperfine qubits, all-to-all connectivity enabled by a rotatable ion storage ring connecting two quantum operation regions by a junction, speed improvements from parallelized operations and a new software stack with real-time compilation of dynamic programs. Averaged over all operational zones in the system, we achieve average infidelities of 2.5(1) × 10^-5 for single-qubit (1Q) gates, 7.9(2) × 10^-4 for two-qubit (2Q) gates and 3.3(5) × 10^-4 for state preparation and measurement (SPAM), none of which are fundamentally limited and probably able to be improved. These component infidelities are predictive of system-level performance in both random Clifford circuits and random circuit sampling (RCS), the latter demonstrating that Helios operates well beyond the reach of classical simulation and establishes a new frontier of fidelity and complexity for quantum computers.

『摘要』 量子计算机要超越经典计算能力，既需要高保真度的操作，又需要大量的量子比特。在各种模式中，离子阱平台已展现出最高的门保真度，但如何在扩大量子比特数量的同时保持性能，仍是一个核心挑战。我们介绍了基于量子电荷耦合器件（QCCD）架构的98量子比特离子阱量子处理器Quantinuum Helios。Helios具有钡离子（Ba⁺）超精细量子比特，通过一个可旋转的离子存储环连接两个量子操作区域实现全连接，通过并行操作提高了速度，并配备了可实时编译动态程序的新型软件栈。系统所有操作区域平均单量子比特（1Q）门的平均不保真度为2.5(1) × 10^-5，双量子比特（2Q）门为7.9(2) × 10^-4，状态制备和测量（SPAM）为3.3(5) × 10^-4，这些不保真度均无根本限制，且有望得到改善。这些组件的不保真度可预测随机Clifford电路和随机电路采样（RCS）中的系统级性能，其中后者证明Helios的运行能力远超经典模拟，为量子计算机的保真度和复杂性设立了新标准。

『总结』 Quantinuum Helios作为98量子比特离子阱量子处理器，在保持高保真度操作的同时实现了量子比特数量的扩展，其性能远超经典模拟，为量子计算机保真度和复杂性树立了新标杆。

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10. 岩石风化可抵消冻土融化引发的河流二氧化碳排放

Rock weathering can counteract river CO<sub>2</sub> emissions induced by permafrost thaw

Zhang L, Bufe A, Dean JF, ... , Piao S, Xia X, Battin TJ.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Climate-induced permafrost thaw unlocks large stores of organic carbon that are mineralized and emitted as carbon dioxide (CO₂) from rivers to the atmosphere. Concurrently, warming and permafrost thaw can increase mineral weathering rates, thus affecting the release and sequestration of inorganic carbon. Yet how these biological and geological carbon cycles interact and jointly affect CO₂ dynamics (emission compared with drawdown) in permafrost rivers remains unknown. Here we combine CO₂ emissions, organic and inorganic solute concentrations, dual carbon isotopes (δC-ΔC) and geochemical modelling to infer how permafrost thaw may affect river biogeochemistry over decades to centuries across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Leveraging a gradient of thermal permafrost degradation, we find that river CO₂ emissions decline, whereas solute fluxes from rock weathering increase with decreasing permafrost cover. Across this region, net CO₂ drawdown fluxes from rock weathering are about 35% of river CO₂ emissions, varying from around 15% in catchments with continuous permafrost to more than 100% in catchments with discontinuous or isolated permafrost. Thus, carbon fluxes from chemical weathering may become increasingly important with ongoing permafrost thaw, potentially even outpacing river CO₂ emissions. Our findings disentangle the interplay between biological and geological carbon fluxes that are important for the cryosphere and the global carbon cycle.

『摘要』 气候导致的多年冻土融化释放出大量有机碳，这些有机碳被矿化后以二氧化碳（CO₂）的形式从河流排放到大气中。与此同时，气候变暖和多年冻土融化会加速矿物风化速率，从而影响无机碳的释放和封存。然而，这些生物和地质碳循环如何相互作用并共同影响冻土河流中CO₂的动态（排放与吸收的对比）仍属未知。在此，我们结合CO₂排放、有机和无机溶质浓度、双碳同位素（δC-ΔC）以及地球化学模型，推断在青藏高原多年冻土区，多年冻土融化可能如何影响河流生物地球化学循环，时间跨度为数十年至数百年。利用热多年冻土退化的梯度，我们发现随着冻土覆盖减少，河流CO₂排放量下降，而岩石风化产生的溶质通量增加。在整个区域，岩石风化产生的净CO₂吸收通量约为河流CO₂排放量的35%，在连续冻土流域约为15%，在不连续或孤立冻土流域则超过100%。因此，随着多年冻土持续融化，化学风化产生的碳通量可能变得越来越重要，甚至可能超过河流CO₂的排放量。我们的研究结果揭示了生物和地质碳通量之间的相互作用，这对于冰冻圈和全球碳循环具有重要意义。

『总结』 气候导致多年冻土融化，释放有机碳并影响无机碳循环，但生物和地质碳循环如何共同影响冻土河流CO₂动态未知，研究结合多种手段推断青藏高原多年冻土融化对河流生物地球化学的影响，发现随着冻土覆盖减少，河流CO₂排放量下降，岩石风化产生的溶质通量增加，化学风化产生的碳通量可能越来越重要，甚至超过河流CO₂排放量，该研究揭示了生物和地质碳通量相互作用的重要性。

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11. 亚精胺是一种内源性铁螯合剂，可抑制铁死亡

Spermine is an endogenous iron chelator that inhibits ferroptosis

Li M, Yu X, Ouyang S, ... , Kroemer G, Tang D, Li J.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. Here we identify spermine-a polyamine derived from spermidine-as an endogenous iron chelator that directly suppresses ferroptosis. Integrating metabolomics, stable isotope tracing and biophysical studies of the interaction between spermine and Fe²⁺ ions, we demonstrate that aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 (ALDH18A1) promotes an alternative glutamine-dependent pathway for de novo spermine synthesis. This process limits iron availability and lipid peroxidation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ALDH18A1-through knockout, short hairpin RNA delivered using adeno-associated virus (AAV), or the small molecule inhibitor YG1702-triggers ferroptosis and impairs both spontaneous and chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Conversely, supplementation of spermine protects against ferroptosis-associated ischaemia-reperfusion injury across multiple tissues, including the liver, intestine and kidneys. These findings uncover a pathophysiologically relevant metabolic circuit in which spermine-mediated iron chelation suppresses ferroptosis.

『摘要』 铁死亡是一种由脂质过氧化驱动的铁依赖性细胞死亡方式。本研究发现，由精胺生成的亚精胺多胺——精胺是一种内源性铁螯合剂，可直接抑制铁死亡。通过整合代谢组学、稳定同位素示踪以及精胺与亚铁离子（Fe²⁺）相互作用生物物理研究，我们证明醛脱氢酶18家族成员A1（ALDH18A1）促进了一条新的谷氨酰胺依赖性途径，该途径用于从头合成精胺。这一过程可限制肝细胞癌中的铁供应和脂质过氧化。通过基因敲除、使用腺相关病毒（AAV）递送的短发夹RNA或小分子抑制剂YG1702对ALDH18A1进行遗传或药理学抑制，可触发铁死亡并损害自发性和化学诱导的肝癌发生。相反，补充精胺可保护肝脏、肠道和肾脏等多个组织免受铁死亡相关的缺血再灌注损伤。这些发现揭示了一种病理生理相关的代谢通路，其中精胺介导的铁螯合作用可抑制铁死亡。

『总结』 研究发现精胺作为内源性铁螯合剂可抑制铁死亡，ALDH18A1通过谷氨酰胺依赖性途径促进精胺合成以限制肝癌中的铁供应和脂质过氧化，抑制ALDH18A1可触发铁死亡并损害肝癌发生，补充精胺可保护多组织免受铁死亡相关的缺血再灌注损伤，揭示了精胺介导的铁螯合抑制铁死亡的代谢通路。

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12. 用于高性能3D微操纵的光纤夹持器

Optical fibre gripper for high-performance 3D micromanipulation

Pan D, Liang K, Xin C, ... , Hu Y, Zhang L, Wu D.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Optical tweezers offer precise, non-contact control, but operate in a limited force regime and impose strict requirements on the characteristics of the targets as well as the environmental conditions. Millimetre-scale mechanical tweezers can offer higher gripping force but are not suitable for precise manipulations. Integrating microgrippers directly at the optical fibres provides a new approach for precise micromanipulation. However, existing fibre-integrated tweezers still face challenges in achieving high-performance manipulation of micro-objects (for example, single cells) within narrow spaces, mainly due to simplified architectures, constrained designs and millimetre-scale footprints. Here we report a three-dimensional (3D) optical fibre gripper (OFG), which is fabricated by two-step, two-photon polymerization. The OFG consists of rigid photoresist microclaws and soft thermoresponsive hydrogel muscle doped with silver nanoparticles, and its size is only 38 × 38 × 61 μm. The OFG exhibits a force-to-mass ratio of about 340 μN mg^-1, outperforming previously reported fibre-integrated tweezers by one to two orders of magnitude. The OFG can manipulate opaque particles, irregular micromechanical components and diverse single-cell types. We further demonstrated its potential in 3D microassembly of complex microdevices (bearings, shafts and gearboxes) and biomimetic sampling in the narrow environment (<300 μm). These results position the OFG as a compact fibre-tip manipulator for 3D micromanipulation, offering reversible and tunable gripping in an intermediate force regime between optical field trapping and millimetre-scale mechanical tweezers.

『摘要』 光镊可实现精确的非接触式控制，但作用力范围有限，且对目标特性和环境条件要求严格。毫米级机械镊子能提供更大的夹持力，但不适合精确操作。将微夹持器直接集成到光纤上为精确微操作提供了新方法。然而，现有的光纤集成镊子在狭窄空间内实现高性能微物体（如单个细胞）操作时仍面临挑战，主要原因是结构简化、设计受限以及毫米级尺寸。本研究报告了一种通过两步双光子聚合技术制造的三维（3D）光纤夹持器（OFG）。该夹持器由刚性光刻胶微爪和掺有银纳米粒子的软热响应水凝胶“肌肉”组成，尺寸仅为38×38×61μm。OFG的力质量比约为340μN mg^-1，比之前报道的光纤集成镊子高出1-2个数量级。OFG能够操控不透明颗粒、不规则微机械部件和多种单细胞类型。我们还进一步展示了其在复杂微器件（轴承、轴和齿轮箱）的3D微组装和狭窄环境（<300μm）中的仿生采样中的潜力。这些结果使OFG成为一种紧凑的光纤末端操纵器，适用于三维微操作，在光场捕获和毫米级机械镊子之间的中间力范围内提供可逆和可调的夹持能力。

『总结』 本研究开发了一种三维光纤夹持器，具有高力质量比、紧凑尺寸和多功能操作能力，在微操作和微组装领域展现出广阔应用前景。

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13. 由纳米石墨烯自下而上合成分子纳米金刚石

Bottom-up synthesis of molecular nanodiamond from nanographene

Liang J, Ender CP, Forero-Martinez NC, ... , Cortes-Huerto R, Wu Y, Weil T.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Nanodiamonds hosting colour centres are promising building blocks for quantum technologies, enabling advances in quantum computation, nanoscale NMR spectroscopy, single-spin magnetometry, wide-field quantum imaging and single-photon sources. However, the controlled bottom-up synthesis of ultrasmall and structurally uniform nanodiamonds has remained a challenge, with existing methods producing heterogeneous materials that vary in size, morphology, impurity content and defect quality. Here we show that well-defined, hydrogen-terminated molecular nanographenes serve as chemically confined precursors for high-pressure, high-temperature synthesis of ultrasmall (3-4 nm), monodisperse and highly crystalline molecular nanodiamonds with only a single sp surface reconstruction and produced on a milligram scale. The same bottom-up platform also enables a two-component strategy for incorporating silicon- and germanium-based colour centres during synthesis, yielding SiV^- and GeV^- emitters without ion implantation, irradiation or post-treatment. Because the nanographene precursor defines both the confined carbon framework and the hydrogen content, this approach provides intrinsic, precursor-level control over nanodiamond size and composition, particularly in the low-nanometre regime relevant for biological and quantum sensing. Molecular nanographenes, ultralarge polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, therefore, establish a scalable and modular route to high-quality molecular and fluorescent nanodiamonds and offer a general design principle for tailored quantum materials and nanoscale devices.

『摘要』 含有色中心的纳米金刚石是量子技术的有前途的构建模块，推动了量子计算、纳米级核磁共振光谱、单自旋磁力计、宽场量子成像和单光子源等领域的发展。然而，控制性自下而上合成超小且结构均匀的纳米金刚石仍是一个挑战，现有方法生产的材料具有异质性，在尺寸、形态、杂质含量和缺陷质量方面存在差异。在此，我们展示了结构明确的氢封端分子纳米石墨烯可作为化学限域前体，用于高压高温合成仅具有单一sp²表面重建的超小（3-4纳米）、单分散且高度结晶的分子纳米金刚石，且能以毫克级规模生产。同样的自下而上平台还支持在合成过程中采用双组分策略引入硅基和锗基色中心，无需离子注入、辐照或后处理即可生成SiV⁻和GeV⁻发光体。由于纳米石墨烯前体既定义了限域碳框架又决定了氢含量，该方法可在前体层面内在控制纳米金刚石的尺寸和成分，尤其在适用于生物和量子传感的亚纳米尺度具有优势。分子纳米石墨烯作为超大多环芳烃，因此为制备高质量分子荧光纳米金刚石开辟了可扩展的模块化路径，并为定制量子材料和纳米器件提供了通用设计原则。

『总结』 结构明确的氢封端分子纳米石墨烯作为化学限域前体，可高压高温合成超小单分散纳米金刚石，并支持在合成过程中引入硅基和锗基色中心，为制备高质量分子荧光纳米金刚石开辟了可扩展的模块化路径。

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14. 中国各地六例直立人标本的釉质蛋白

Enamel proteins from six Homo erectus specimens across China

Fu Q, Wu Z, Bennett EA, ... , Xing J, Zhou K, Feng X.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Homo erectus remains have been found in Africa, Eurasia and Southeast Asia, dating back around two million years; however, owing to their age and state of preservation, obtaining informative molecular data from them has proved challenging. Here we successfully extracted and analysed ancient enamel proteins from five male and one female Middle Pleistocene H. erectus specimens from approximately 0.4 million years ago, from the Zhoukoudian, Hexian and Sunjiadong sites. All specimens from all three sites share two amino acid variants. Of these, A253G in AMBN is previously unknown and has not been identified in other human lineages, including H. erectus from Dmanisi (Georgia), Homo antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain), Denisovans, Neanderthals and modern humans. The other variant, AMBN(M273V), has previously been identified in Denisovans, and our evidence now indicates it may have been introduced through populations related to these Middle Pleistocene H. erectus. The regions in the Denisovan genome attributed to super-archaic introgression, some of which later passed to modern humans, are likely to have originated from H. erectus. Late Middle Pleistocene H. erectus may have coexisted with Denisovans in parts of East Asia, where these interactions are presumed to have occurred.

『摘要』 在非洲、欧亚大陆和东南亚发现了可追溯到约两百万年前的直立人遗骸，但由于年代久远且保存状况不佳，从这些遗骸中获取有价值的分子数据颇具挑战性。本研究成功从距今约40万年的周口店、和县和孙家洞遗址的5例男性及1例女性中更新世直立人标本中提取并分析了古代牙釉质蛋白。这三个遗址的所有标本均共享两种氨基酸变异，其中AMBN中的A253G变异此前未知，且未在其他人类谱系中发现，包括格鲁吉亚德马尼西的直立人、西班牙阿塔普埃尔卡的先驱人、丹尼索瓦人、尼安德特人和现代人类。另一种变异AMBN(M273V)此前曾在丹尼索瓦人中发现，而本研究证据表明它可能是通过与这些中更新世直立人相关的种群引入的。丹尼索瓦人基因组中归因于超古老基因渗入的区域，其中一些后来传递给了现代人类，很可能起源于直立人。中更新世晚期直立人可能与丹尼索瓦人在东亚部分地区共存，这些相互作用可能就发生于此。

『总结』 研究从距今约40万年的直立人标本中提取并分析了古代牙釉质蛋白，发现两个氨基酸变异，其中一个为新发现，另一个曾在丹尼索瓦人中发现，推测丹尼索瓦人部分基因可能起源于直立人，且直立人与丹尼索瓦人可能曾在东亚共存。

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15. 类对称双组分蛋白笼的从头设计

De novo design of quasisymmetric two-component protein cages

Wang S, Xie Y, Chmielewski D, ... , DiMaio F, Holt LJ, Baker D.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Quasisymmetric icosahedral viral capsids achieve larger sizes than possible with strictly symmetric icosahedra by tessellating pentagons and hexagons using a single subunit that adopts different conformations in symmetrically non-equivalent locations. Recapitulating such quasisymmetric architectures through computational design is a considerable challenge in nanomaterials engineering. Here we introduce a computational design strategy based on geometric frustration to generate two-component, quasisymmetric protein cages with customizable properties. We designed complementary trimeric and dimeric protein components that co-assemble into positively curved local hexagonal assemblies. Hexagonal lattices cannot tile spherical surfaces; instead, the components form closed sphere-like cage assemblies through incorporation of curvature-inducing pentagonal defects, as evidenced by electron microscopy. By designing dimers that encode different local curvatures, we programmed cage dimensions ranging from 40 to over 200 nm in diameter and with molecular weights from 2 MDa to over 50 MDa, comparable with natural virus capsids. We further functionalized these large cages with additional protein domains to enable ribonucleoprotein cargo loading and cellular uptake. Fluorescently labelled cage assemblies expressed in mammalian cells function as rheological probes and cargo recruiters, enabling a systematic study of size-dependent cytoplasmic diffusion and protein localization. Thus, the quasi-symmetry that has long fascinated structural biologists can now be achieved by computational protein design, with immediate applications to biologics delivery and molecular cell biology.

『摘要』 准对称二十面体病毒衣壳通过使用单一亚基在非对称等效位置采用不同构象，以五边形和六边形镶嵌的方式实现了比严格对称二十面体更大的尺寸。在纳米材料工程中，通过计算设计重现这种准对称结构是一项巨大挑战。本文介绍了一种基于几何受挫的计算设计策略，用于生成具有可定制特性的双组分准对称蛋白质笼。我们设计了互补的三聚体和二聚体蛋白质组分，它们共同组装成正曲率局部六边形结构。正如电子显微镜所证明的那样，六边形晶格无法铺满球面，相反，这些组分通过引入诱导曲率的五边形缺陷，形成闭合的类球体笼状结构。通过设计编码不同局部曲率的二聚体，我们编程了直径从40纳米到超过200纳米、分子量从2 MDa到超过50 MDa的笼状结构，与天然病毒衣壳相当。我们还用额外的蛋白质结构域对这些大笼进行了功能化，以实现核糖核蛋白货物装载和细胞摄取。在哺乳动物细胞中表达的荧光标记笼状结构可作为流变学探针和货物招募器，能够系统地研究尺寸依赖性细胞质扩散和蛋白质定位。因此，长期以来一直令结构生物学家着迷的准对称性如今可通过计算蛋白质设计实现，并可立即应用于生物制品递送和分子细胞生物学。

『总结』 本文介绍了一种通过计算设计实现准对称蛋白质笼的策略，该策略基于几何受挫原理，能够生成具有可定制尺寸和特性的双组分蛋白质笼，可应用于生物制品递送和分子细胞生物学领域。

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16. 单组分准对称蛋白质纳米笼的设计

Design of one-component quasisymmetric protein nanocages

Lee S, Chmielewski D, Wang S, ... , Park YJ, Veesler D, Baker D.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Although the largest completely symmetric closed assembly that can be built from a single building block is the 60-subunit icosahedron, viruses can form capsid assemblies with hundreds to thousands of identical subunits through quasisymmetry-using the same subunit in symmetrically non-equivalent locations in the assembly. Quasisymmetric one-component assemblies could have considerable advantages for delivery of biologics because of the large internal volume achieved using only a single building block, but the design of these structures is challenging because of the inherent complexity of designing chemically identical subunits to both adopt different conformations and make different interactions in the distinct symmetrically non-equivalent locations. Here we conjectured that quasisymmetry could arise from spontaneous symmetry breaking in a system of strongly interacting building blocks with programmed curvatures and show that this principle, coupled with a design approach combining a parametric representation of cage architecture with RoseTTAFold diffusion generative modelling, can generate a rich array of quasisymmetric assemblies. Electron microscopy confirmed the structures of designed 3 ≤ T ≤ 36 cages with 180-2,160 subunits and diameters from 68 nm to 220 nm, and designed 1 < T < 3 non-icosahedral clathrin-like assemblies. Cryogenic electron microscopy structure determination showed how the global symmetry breaking associated with the formation of both hexons and pentons in the T = 3 architecture arises from symmetry breaking in the designed subunit interface. Our results indicate how the detailed architecture of complex systems can be controlled by designing overall system properties, and our approach provides a roadmap for designing large quasisymmetric assemblies for biologics delivery and other applications.

『摘要』 虽然由单一结构单元构建的最大完全对称闭合组装体是60个亚基的二十面体，但病毒可以通过准对称性——在组装体对称不等价的位置使用相同亚基——形成由数百至数千个相同亚基组成的衣壳组装体。由于仅使用单一结构单元就能实现较大的内部容积，准对称单组分组装体在生物制剂递送方面可能具有显著优势，但设计这些结构极具挑战性，因为需要设计化学性质相同的亚基，使其在不同对称不等价位置既采用不同构象，又形成不同相互作用。本研究推测准对称性可能源于具有程序化曲率的强相互作用结构单元体系中的自发对称破缺，并表明这一原理结合将笼状结构的参数化表征与RoseTTAFold扩散生成建模相结合的设计方法，能够生成丰富的准对称组装体。电子显微镜证实了设计的3 ≤ T ≤ 36笼状结构（含180-2160个亚基，直径68-220纳米）以及设计的1 < T < 3非二十面体网格蛋白样组装体的结构。冷冻电子显微镜结构测定揭示了在T = 3结构中，六聚体和五聚体形成过程中伴随的全局对称破缺源于设计亚基界面的对称破缺。我们的结果表明，通过设计整体系统属性可以控制复杂系统的详细结构，并且我们的方法为设计用于生物制剂递送和其他应用的大型准对称组装体提供了路线图。

『总结』 研究提出准对称性源于强相互作用结构单元体系的自发对称破缺，结合参数化表征与生成建模方法可设计出多种准对称组装体，电子显微镜证实了设计结构，冷冻电镜揭示了对称破缺机制，为设计大型准对称组装体提供了新路线。

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17. 基于CRISPR-Cas12a2的RNA触发细胞杀伤

RNA-triggered cell killing with CRISPR-Cas12a2

Scholz P, Thompson J, Crosby KT, ... , Jackson RN, Beisel CL, Liu Y.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Selectively eradicating target cells on the basis of their genetic or transcriptional identity remains important in basic research, medicine, biotechnology and agriculture. For applications involving bacteria, CRISPR nucleases offer promising options due to their ability to enact RNA-guided counterselection; however, using these same nucleases for counterselection in eukaryotes has proven much more restrictive. Here we show that Cas12a2, a recently discovered type V CRISPR nuclease, exhibits RNA-triggered DNA shredding, and enables programmable and sequence-specific elimination of yeast and human cells expressing a target transcript. Triggering Cas12a2 elicits rampant double-stranded DNA breaks in trans, leading to cell death. Cell killing can be activated by a wide range of target transcripts, with no observed off-target activation. Leveraging this approach, we selectively eliminate cells that harbour human papillomavirus, cells that failed to undergo gene editing, or cells that encode a prevalent oncogenic point mutation in KRAS. These findings expand the CRISPR toolbox to allow the selective elimination of eukaryotic cells on the basis of their transcriptional profile.

『摘要』 基于基因或转录特征选择性地根除靶细胞，在基础研究、医学、生物技术和农业领域依然至关重要。在涉及细菌的应用中，CRISPR核酸酶因其能够进行RNA引导的反选择而成为颇具前景的选择；然而，事实证明，使用这些核酸酶在真核生物中进行反选择则受到更多限制。本研究表明，最近发现的V型CRISPR核酸酶Cas12a2具有RNA触发的DNA切割功能，可对表达靶转录本的酵母和人类细胞进行可编程、序列特异性消除。激活Cas12a2会引发广泛的反式双链DNA断裂，导致细胞死亡。多种靶转录本均可激活细胞杀伤，且未观察到脱靶激活现象。利用这一方法，研究人员可选择性消除携带人乳头瘤病毒的细胞、基因编辑失败的细胞或编码KRAS中常见致癌点突变的细胞。这些发现拓展了CRISPR工具箱，使其能够基于转录特征选择性消除真核细胞。

『总结』 新发现的V型CRISPR核酸酶Cas12a2能通过RNA触发DNA切割，实现基于转录特征的真核细胞选择性消除，拓展了CRISPR工具的应用范围。

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18. 海马-压后皮质轴中的子空间通信

Subspace communication in the hippocampal-retrosplenial axis

Gonzalez J, Voroslakos M, Aykan D, ... , Karadas M, Chen ZS, Buzsaki G.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』The capacity of hippocampal circuits to transform inputs into downstream outputs is fundamental to navigation and memory, yet the circuit-level mechanisms that enable this flexibility in adapting to experience remain unclear. Here we approach this problem by performing large-scale (up to 1,024 channel) recordings across the hippocampal-retrosplenial cortex (RSC) circuit in behaving mice, enabling simultaneous access to spiking activity in dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, CA2, CA1 and RSC. On the basis of a linear dimensionality-reduction technique known as partial canonical correlation analysis, we identify low-dimensional communication subspaces between two regions while accounting for influences from a third area. These subspaces captured distinct input-output transformations in the CA1 region, linking upstream hippocampal activity (DG, CA3 and CA2) to downstream cortical targets (RSC). Intrinsic firing properties and anatomical location constrained subspace memberships-members were mapped to deep sublayers of the CA3-CA1-RSC axis during both spatial and non-spatial tasks. These subspaces could recombine overlapping neuronal pools to support distinct interareal interactions across changing experiences and brain states. Reactivation patterns of CA1-CA3 subspaces, but not those of CA1-RSC, during post-experience sleep correlated with replay, reflecting a plasticity-stability balance in the input-output transformation along the hippocampal-retrosplenial axis. Our findings suggest a model in which hippocampal-neocortical communication reconfigures predetermined circuit motifs to flexibly encode experiences.

『摘要』 海马回路将输入转化为下游输出的能力对于导航和记忆至关重要，然而，能够在适应经验方面实现这种灵活性的回路级机制尚不清楚。本研究通过对行为小鼠的海马-压后皮质（RSC）回路进行大规模（最多1024个通道）记录，同时获取齿状回（DG）、CA3、CA2、CA1和RSC的尖峰活动，以此解决这一问题。基于一种称为部分典型相关分析的线性降维技术，我们在考虑第三个区域影响的同时，识别出两个区域之间的低维通信子空间。这些子空间捕捉到了CA1区域独特的输入-输出转换，将上游海马活动（DG、CA3和CA2）与下游皮质靶点（RSC）联系起来。在空间和非空间任务中，内在发放特性和解剖位置限制了子空间成员资格，成员被映射到CA3-CA1-RSC轴的深层亚层。这些子空间可以重新组合重叠的神经元池，以支持在不同经验和大脑状态下独特的区域间相互作用。经验后睡眠期间CA1-CA3子空间而非CA1-RSC子空间的再激活模式与重放相关，反映了海马-压后轴输入-输出转换中的可塑性-稳定性平衡。我们的研究结果提出了一种模型，其中海马-新皮质通讯可重新配置预先确定的回路基序，以灵活编码经验。

『总结』 研究通过大规模记录小鼠海马-压后皮质回路，利用线性降维技术识别出低维通信子空间，这些子空间捕捉CA1区域独特输入-输出转换，可重新组合神经元池以支持不同经验和大脑状态下的区域间相互作用，且经验后睡眠期间CA1-CA3子空间再激活模式与重放相关，反映海马-压后轴输入-输出转换的可塑性-稳定性平衡，提出海马-新皮质通讯可重新配置预先确定的回路基序以灵活编码经验的模型。

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19. 前额叶至腹侧被盖区的动态变化驱动偶然性退化

Prefrontal to ventral tegmental area dynamics drive contingency degradation

Hjort MM, Garrett ZQ, Gordon AG, ... , Witten DM, Steinmetz NA, Stuber GD.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Cognitive flexibility refers to the adaptive neural processes that adjust learned behaviours as circumstances shift, supporting optimal decision-making and behavioural control. This includes the capacity to modify specific behaviours as the contingency between cues and rewards degrades. Across species, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has a well-established role in controlling contingency degradation; however, the precise neural circuit mechanisms underlying this cognitive process remain unclear. To address this gap, we developed a quantitative model of cognitive flexibility that incorporates a meta-learning parameter into an established reward prediction error learning model. Our meta-reward prediction error model significantly improves accurate representation of mouse cue-evoked licking behaviour in response to degraded or enhanced cue-reward associations. Using longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging and single-cell holographic optogenetics, we found that a subset of neurons in the mPFC specifically encode the contingency degradation in a significant and causal manner. Recognizing that behavioural flexibility probably requires interactions between the mPFC and canonical reward learning circuitry, we then examined how mPFC neural signalling during contingency degradation interacts with the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-a critical hub for reward processing. Our imaging and optogenetics data show that mPFC sends this signal to VTA, with most mPFC→VTA neurons reflecting this transmission, and that selective optogenetic stimulation of these ensembles accelerates contingency degradation. These findings reveal how prefrontal circuits facilitate flexibility, selectively halting learned behaviours through connections with subcortical reward networks.

『摘要』 认知灵活性是指当环境发生变化时，通过适应性神经过程调整已习得的行为，以支持最优决策和行为控制。这包括在提示与奖励之间的关联性减弱时，能够修改特定行为的能力。在各种物种中，内侧前额叶皮层（mPFC）在控制关联性减弱方面起着公认的作用；然而，这一认知过程背后的精确神经回路机制仍不清楚。为填补这一空白，我们开发了一个包含元学习参数的认知灵活性定量模型，并将其纳入已建立的奖励预测误差学习模型中。我们的元奖励预测误差模型显著提高了对小鼠在提示-奖励关联减弱或增强时由提示诱发的舔食行为的准确表征。利用纵向双光子钙成像和单细胞全息光遗传学技术，我们发现mPFC中的一部分神经元以显著且因果的方式特异性编码关联性减弱。鉴于行为灵活性可能需要mPFC与经典奖励学习回路之间的相互作用，我们随后研究了在关联性减弱时，mPFC的神经信号如何与腹侧被盖区（VTA，奖励处理的关键枢纽）相互作用。我们的成像和光遗传学数据显示，mPFC向VTA发送信号，大部分mPFC→VTA神经元反映这种传递，且对这些神经元集合的选择性光遗传刺激可加速关联性减弱。这些发现揭示了前额叶回路如何通过与皮层下奖励网络的连接，选择性地停止已习得的行为，从而促进灵活性。

『总结』 研究揭示了内侧前额叶皮层通过与腹侧被盖区的连接促进认知灵活性，选择性停止已习得行为。

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20. 全基因组筛选在人类肠道微生物组中形成生态单元

Genome-wide sweeps create ecological units in the human gut microbiome

Yu XA, Strachan CR, Herbold CW, ... , Tett A, Polz MF, Polz MF.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』The human gut microbiome is shaped by diverse selective forces that originate from host and environmental factors and it substantially influences health and disease. Whereas the association of microbial lineages with various health conditions has been shown at different taxonomic levels, the extent to which unifying adaptive mechanisms sort microbial lineages into ecologically differentiated populations remains poorly understood. Here we show that genome-wide selective sweeps are a pervasive mechanism that differentiates bacteria in the microbiome. This mechanism leads to population structures akin to global epidemics across geographically and ethnically diverse human populations. Such sweeps arise when an adaptation allows a clone to outcompete others in its niche followed by rediversification, and they manifest as clusters of closely related genomes on long branches in phylogenetic trees. This structure is revealed by excluding recombination events that mask the clonal descent of the genomes. Indeed, we show that genome-wide sweeps originate under a wide range of recombination rates in at least 66 taxa from 25 bacterial families. Estimated ages of divergence suggest that sweep clusters can spread globally within decades and that this process has occurred throughout human history. Sweep clusters are associated with different host conditions-such as age, colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and type 2 diabetes-as an indication of their ecological differentiation. Our results reveal an evolutionary mechanism for the observation of stably inherited strains with differential associations and provide a theoretical foundation for analysing adaptation among microbial populations.

『摘要』 人体肠道微生物组受宿主和环境因素产生的各种选择压力影响，并显著影响健康和疾病状况。尽管在不同分类水平上已证明微生物谱系与多种健康状况之间存在关联，但统一适应性机制在多大程度上将微生物谱系分类为生态分化种群，目前尚不清楚。本研究表明，全基因组选择性清除是微生物组中细菌分化的普遍机制。该机制在不同地理和种族人群中形成了类似于全球流行病的种群结构。当一种适应性使一个克隆体在其生态位中比其他克隆体更具竞争力，随后发生再多样化时，就会发生这种清除，在系统发育树上表现为长分支上密切相关的基因组簇。通过排除掩盖基因组克隆谱系的重组事件，可以揭示这种结构。事实上，我们发现全基因组清除在至少25个细菌家族的66个分类群中，在广泛的重组率下发生。估计的分化时间表明，清除簇可在数十年内全球传播，且这一过程贯穿人类历史。清除簇与不同的宿主状况相关，如年龄、结直肠癌、炎症性肠病和2型糖尿病，这表明它们存在生态分化。我们的研究结果揭示了稳定遗传菌株具有不同关联性这一现象的进化机制，并为分析微生物种群间的适应性提供了理论基础。

『总结』 人体肠道微生物组受多种选择压力影响，全基因组选择性清除是细菌分化的普遍机制，该机制形成全球流行病般的种群结构，清除簇与多种宿主状况相关，研究揭示了稳定遗传菌株关联性差异的进化机制并为分析微生物适应性提供了理论基础。

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21. 树木群落资源经济学调控土壤食物网多功能性

Tree community resource economics control soil food web multifunctionality

Henneron L, Wardle DA, Berg MP, ... , Verheyen K, Wambsganss J, Kardol P.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Plants affect terrestrial ecosystem functioning by shaping microenvironments and by providing the primary production that fuels energy flow into food webs. However, how plant community properties affect ecosystem functioning via energy fluxes in food webs has been little studied, especially for the soil food webs that channel most plant-derived energy. Applying a food web energetics approach, we show that the resource economics of dominant tree species control soil food web multifunctionality across European forests. Tree communities dominated by resource-acquisitive species promoted faster rates of multiple soil trophic functions than did communities dominated by resource-conservative species. These effects were primarily driven by higher-quality litter and warmer forest microclimates, leading to increased metabolic activity of soil organisms. Accordingly, tree species composition explained a large portion of variation in soil food web multifunctionality, comparable to that explained by biogeographic differences among locations. By contrast, mixtures of three tree species had weakly negative effects relative to single-species stands, mostly due to shifts in energy channelling from living fine roots to litter and a cooling effect on forest microclimate. This occurred despite an overyielding effect in aboveground tree biomass production, suggesting contrasting diversity effects above- and belowground. Our findings emphasize the importance of plant functional traits related to resource economics as drivers of soil food web functioning and demonstrate how climate-driven shifts in tree community composition may alter forest soil functioning.

『摘要』 植物通过塑造微环境以及提供推动食物网能量流动的初级生产来影响陆地生态系统的功能。然而，关于植物群落特性如何通过食物网中的能量通量来影响生态系统功能的研究很少，特别是对于传递大部分植物来源能量的土壤食物网。我们采用食物网能量学方法，展示了在欧洲森林中，优势树种资源经济特性控制着土壤食物网的多功能性。与以资源保守型树种为主的群落相比，以资源获取型树种为主的群落促进了多种土壤营养功能的更快进行。这些影响主要由更高质量的凋落物和更温暖的森林微气候驱动，导致土壤生物代谢活动增加。相应地，树种组成解释了土壤食物网多功能性变化的大部分，与地理位置间生物地理差异所解释的比例相当。相比之下，与单一树种林分相比，三种树种的混交林对土壤食物网多功能性有微弱的负面影响，这主要是由于能量通道从活细根转向凋落物，以及对森林微气候的降温作用。尽管地上树木生物量生产出现了超产效应，但仍出现了上述情况，这表明地上和地下的多样性效应存在差异。我们的研究结果强调了与资源经济相关的植物功能性状作为土壤食物网功能驱动因素的重要性，并展示了气候驱动的树种群落组成变化可能如何改变森林土壤功能。

『总结』 研究采用食物网能量学方法，发现欧洲森林中优势树种资源经济特性控制土壤食物网多功能性，资源获取型树种群落促进土壤营养功能，树种组成影响大，且三种树种混交林对土壤食物网多功能性有微弱负面影响，强调了植物功能性状重要性及树种群落组成变化对森林土壤功能的影响。

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22. 瘤内注射抗CTLA4药物联合静脉注射抗PD1药物的安全性和有效性

Safety and efficacy of intratumoural anti-CTLA4 with intravenous anti-PD1

Tselikas L, Susini S, Texier M, ... , Dalle S, Robert C, Marabelle A.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Intravenous administration of anti-CTLA4 with anti-PD1 provides durable tumour responses but causes severe treatment-related adverse events in patients with cancer. Intratumoural administration at lower doses but high local concentrations could enhance antitumour efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure and toxicity. Here we report the randomized multicentre phase 1b NIVIPIT trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02857569 ), which enrolled 61 patients with untreated metastatic melanoma, randomly assigned 2:1 to receive intravenous nivolumab (anti-PD1; 1 mg kg^-1) combined with either intratumoural ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4; 0.3 mg kg^-1) or intravenous ipilimumab (3 mg kg^-1). The primary end-point was met with significantly lower incidence of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events at 6 months in the intratumoural versus intravenous arm (22.6% versus 57.1%), equivalent to anti-PD1 monotherapy. RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumours) best objective response rate reached 65.7% for anti-CTLA4 injected lesions and 50% for uninjected lesions, confirming the relationship between intratumoural exposure to anti-CTLA4 and efficacy. Baseline tumour immune profiling revealed that protumoural activated regulatory T (T_reg) cells and M2 macrophages predict durable clinical benefit, regardless of the anti-CTLA4 administration route. A decrease in activated intratumoural T_reg cells occurred only in patients who showed durable clinical benefit, who also presented high intratumoural Fcγ receptor (FcγR) expression. Our results provide a rationale for intratumoural anti-CTLA4 strategies in oligometastatic and early-stage cancers and indicate that high intratumoural activated T_reg cell and FcγR⁺ M2 macrophage numbers are prerequisites for efficacy of combined anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1.

『摘要』 抗细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA4）抗体与抗程序性死亡受体1（PD1）抗体联合静脉给药可产生持久的肿瘤反应，但会导致癌症患者出现严重的治疗相关不良事件。以较低剂量但高局部浓度进行瘤内给药，可增强抗肿瘤疗效，同时将全身暴露和毒性降至最低。在此我们报告一项随机多中心1b期NIVIPIT试验（ClinicalTrials.gov：NCT02857569），该试验纳入61例未经治疗的转移性黑色素瘤患者，按2:1的比例随机分配接受静脉注射纳武利尤单抗（抗PD1；1 mg kg^-1）联合瘤内注射伊匹木单抗（抗CTLA4；0.3 mg kg^-1）或静脉注射伊匹木单抗（3 mg kg^-1）。主要终点已达到，瘤内给药组6个月时3级或4级治疗相关不良事件发生率显著低于静脉给药组（22.6% vs 57.1%），与抗PD1单药治疗相当。根据实体瘤疗效评价标准（RECIST），抗CTLA4注射病变的最佳客观缓解率达65.7%，未注射病变为50%，证实了瘤内抗CTLA4暴露与疗效之间的关系。基线肿瘤免疫谱分析显示，无论抗CTLA4给药途径如何，促肿瘤的活化调节性T（T_reg）细胞和M2型巨噬细胞可预测持久的临床获益。仅在显示持久临床获益的患者中观察到瘤内活化T_reg细胞减少，这些患者还表现出较高的瘤内Fcγ受体（FcγR）表达。我们的研究结果为寡转移和早期癌症的瘤内抗CTLA4策略提供了依据，并表明瘤内高活化T_reg细胞和FcγR⁺M2型巨噬细胞数量是联合抗CTLA4和抗PD1治疗有效的先决条件。

『总结』 研究显示抗CTLA4与抗PD1联合瘤内给药较静脉给药安全性更高，疗效与瘤内抗CTLA4暴露相关，且基线肿瘤免疫特征可预测疗效，为早期癌症瘤内治疗策略提供了理论依据。

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23. 使用HERRO校正的Nanopore单链测序读长进行端粒到端粒的基因组组装

Telomere-to-telomere assembly using HERRO-corrected Nanopore Simplex reads

Stanojevic D, Lin D, Nurk S, de Sessions PF, Sikic M.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Telomere-to-telomere phased assemblies are emerging as a benchmark for reference-quality genomes, although they remain technically and financially demanding, particularly at scale. Generating such assemblies for diploid and polyploid genomes typically involves combining high-accuracy long reads, such as PacBio HiFi or the now-deprecated Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) Duplex reads, with ultra-long ONT Simplex reads. Using multiple platforms or methods increases the cost and the required amount of genomic DNA. Here we show that comparable results are possible using error correction of ultra-long Simplex reads and then assembling them using state-of-the-art de novo assembly methods. To achieve this, we developed the deep learning-based HERRO (haplotype-aware error correction) framework, which corrects Simplex reads while carefully preserving differences in related genomic sequences. Taking into account informative positions that differentiate the haplotypes or genomic repeat copies, HERRO achieves an increase of read accuracy of up to 100-fold for diploid human genomes. By combining HERRO with the Verkko assembler, we reconstruct up to 32 chromosomes telomere-to-telomere, including chromosomes X and Y, and consistently achieve NGA50 (normalized genome assembly 50) values of 100 Mb or higher across several human genomes. HERRO supports both R9.4.1 and R10.4.1 Simplex reads and generalizes well to other species. These results show that error-corrected ONT reads can lower sequencing costs and improve the quality of genomic analyses.

『摘要』 端粒到端粒的阶段组装正成为参考质量基因组的标准，尽管它们在技术和资金上仍有较高要求，尤其是大规模应用时。为二倍体和多倍体基因组生成此类组装通常需要结合高精度的长读长测序数据，如PacBio HiFi或现已停用的牛津纳米孔技术（ONT）双链读长，以及超长ONT单链读长。使用多种平台或方法会增加成本和所需的基因组DNA量。本研究表明，通过对超长单链读长进行纠错，然后使用最先进的从头组装方法进行组装，也能获得类似结果。为实现这一目标，我们开发了基于深度学习的HERRO（单倍型感知纠错）框架，该框架在仔细保留相关基因组序列差异的同时对单链读长进行纠错。考虑到区分单倍型或基因组重复拷贝的有信息位点，HERRO使二倍体人类基因组的读长准确性提高了多达100倍。通过将HERRO与Verkko组装器相结合，我们重建了多达32条端粒到端粒的染色体，包括X和Y染色体，并在多个人类基因组中始终达到100 Mb或更高的NGA50（标准化基因组组装50）值。HERRO支持R9.4.1和R10.4.1单链读长，且能很好地推广到其他物种。这些结果表明，纠错后的ONT读长可以降低测序成本并提高基因组分析的质量。

『总结』 研究开发了基于深度学习的HERRO框架，纠错超长ONT单链读长，结合Verkko组装器可重建人类多条染色体，降低成本并提高基因组分析质量。

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24. 星形胶质细胞通过可塑性网络连接特定脑区

Astrocytes connect specific brain regions through plastic networks

Cooper ML, Selles MC, Cammer M, ... , Saab AS, Liddelow SA, Chao MV.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Neuronal axons have traditionally been considered to be the primary mediators of functional connectivity among brain regions. However, the role of astrocyte-mediated communication has been largely underappreciated. Astrocytes communicate with one another through gap junctions, but the extent and specificity of this communication remain poorly understood. Astrocyte gap junctions are necessary for memory formation, synaptic plasticity, coordination of neuronal signalling, and closing the visual and motor critical periods. These findings indicate that this form of communication is essential for proper central nervous system development and function. Despite the importance of astrocyte gap junctional networks, studying them has been challenging. Current methods such as slice electrophysiology disrupt network connectivity and introduce artefacts due to tissue damage. Here, we developed a vector-based approach that labels molecules as they are fluxed by astrocyte gap junctions in awake, behaving animals to overcome these limitations. We then used whole-brain tissue clearing to image these intact, three-dimensional astrocyte networks. We show that multiple astrocyte networks traverse the mouse brain. These networks selectively connect specific regions, rather than diffusing indiscriminately, and vary in size and organization. We observe local networks that are confined to single brain regions and long-range networks that robustly interconnect multiple regions across hemispheres, often exhibiting patterns distinct from known neuronal networks. We also demonstrate that astrocyte networks undergo structural reorganization in the adult brain after sensory deprivation. These findings reveal a mode of communication between distant brain regions that is mediated by plastic networks of gap junction-coupled astrocytes.

『摘要』 传统上，神经元轴突被视为大脑区域间功能连接的主要介导者。然而，星形胶质细胞介导的通讯作用在很大程度上被低估。星形胶质细胞通过间隙连接进行相互通讯，但这种通讯的范围和特异性仍知之甚少。星形胶质细胞间隙连接对于记忆形成、突触可塑性、神经元信号协调以及视觉和运动关键期的闭合至关重要。这些发现表明，这种通讯形式对于中枢神经系统的正常发育和功能至关重要。尽管星形胶质细胞间隙连接网络非常重要，但研究它们一直颇具挑战性。目前的方法，如切片电生理学，会破坏网络连接并因组织损伤而引入伪影。本研究开发了一种基于向量的方法，在清醒、活动的动物体内对星形胶质细胞间隙连接所传输的分子进行标记，以克服这些局限性。随后，利用全脑组织透明化技术对这些完整、三维的星形胶质细胞网络进行成像。结果显示，多个星形胶质细胞网络贯穿小鼠大脑。这些网络有选择性地连接特定区域，而非无差别扩散，且大小和组织结构各异。我们观察到局限于单个脑区的局部网络和稳健地跨半球连接多个脑区的长程网络，这些网络常表现出与已知神经元网络不同的模式。研究还表明，在感觉剥夺后，成年大脑中的星形胶质细胞网络会经历结构重组。这些发现揭示了一种由间隙连接偶联的星形胶质细胞可塑性网络介导的远距离脑区之间的通讯模式。

『总结』 星形胶质细胞通过间隙连接通讯对大脑功能至关重要，但研究困难，本研究开发新方法揭示了其网络特性及在感觉剥夺后的结构重组，表明星形胶质细胞网络是远距离脑区通讯的重要途径。

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25. 基于纳米孔单链测序数据的端粒间高效组装

Efficient near-telomere-to-telomere assembly of nanopore simplex reads

Cheng H, Qu H, McKenzie S, ... , Vella M, Park PJ, Li H.; nature; (655, 8121)

『Abstract』Telomere-to-telomere (T2T) assembly is the ultimate goal for de novo genome assembly. Existing algorithms capable of near-T2T assembly all require Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) ultra-long reads, which are costly and experimentally challenging to obtain and are thus often unavailable for samples without established cell lines. Here we introduce hifiasm (ONT), an algorithm that can produce near-T2T assemblies from standard ONT simplex reads, eliminating the need for ultra-long sequencing. Compared with existing methods, hifiasm (ONT) reduces computational demands by an order of magnitude and reconstructs more chromosomes from telomere to telomere on the same datasets. This advance substantially broadens the feasibility of T2T assembly for applications previously limited by the high cost and experimental requirement of ultra-long reads.

『摘要』 端粒到端粒（T2T）组装是从头基因组组装的最终目标。现有的能够实现接近T2T组装的算法均需要牛津纳米孔技术（ONT）的超长读长，而这种读长成本高昂且实验获取难度大，因此对于没有已建立细胞系的样本往往难以获得。在此，我们介绍了hifiasm（ONT）算法，该算法能够从标准的ONT单链读长中生成接近T2T的组装结果，从而无需超长测序。与现有方法相比，hifiasm（ONT）的计算需求降低了一个数量级，并且能在相同数据集上重建出更多从端粒到端粒的染色体。这一进展极大地拓宽了T2T组装的应用范围，解决了此前因超长读长成本高昂和实验要求严格而受到限制的问题。

『总结』 hifiasm（ONT）算法无需超长测序即可实现接近T2T的组装，降低了计算需求，拓宽了T2T组装的应用范围。

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26. 利用从头设计的蛋白质进行膜蛋白增溶和结构测定

Membrane protein solubilization and structure determination using de novo-designed proteins

Mihaljevic L, Kim DE, Bandawane PD, ... , Hawley KL, King NP, Baker D.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Developing therapies and vaccines against integral membrane proteins is hindered by their extensive hydrophobic surfaces, which complicate production and structural analysis. Here, we describe a general deep learning-based design approach for solubilizing native membrane proteins while preserving their sequence, fold, active-site, and ligand-binding properties. Genetically encoded de novo protein WRAPs [water-soluble RFdiffused amphipathic proteins] surround the lipid-interacting hydrophobic surfaces, rendering them thermostable and water-soluble without the need for detergents. We design WRAPs for both monomeric and oligomeric beta-barrel outer membrane proteins and helical multipass transmembrane proteins. A 2.95-angstrom-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of WRAPed mycobacterial porin demonstrates that WRAPs can be used for the structural determination of membrane proteins in solution. As a step toward syphilis vaccine development, we generated soluble versions of Treponema pallidum antigens.

『摘要』 由于整合膜蛋白具有广泛的疏水表面，这增加了生产和结构分析的难度，因此开发针对整合膜蛋白的治疗方法和疫苗受到阻碍。在此，我们描述了一种基于深度学习的通用设计方法，该方法可在保持天然膜蛋白的序列、折叠、活性位点和配体结合特性的同时，使其可溶化。基因编码的全新蛋白质WRAPs [水溶性RF扩散两亲蛋白]环绕着与脂质相互作用的疏水表面，使其具有热稳定性且无需洗涤剂即可溶于水。我们为单体和寡聚β桶状外膜蛋白以及螺旋多跨膜蛋白设计了WRAPs。包裹有WRAPs的分枝杆菌孔蛋白的2.95埃分辨率冷冻电镜结构表明，WRAPs可用于溶液中膜蛋白的结构测定。作为开发梅毒疫苗的一个步骤，我们生成了可溶性梅毒螺旋体抗原。

『总结』 因整合膜蛋白疏水表面广泛，开发针对其的疗法和疫苗受阻，本文介绍基于深度学习的方法设计WRAPs使天然膜蛋白可溶化，为多种膜蛋白设计出WRAPs，还通过实例表明其可用于膜蛋白结构测定，并生成了可溶性梅毒螺旋体抗原。

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27. 饮食转变促进感觉神经元依赖性的癌症相关恶病质

A dietary switch promotes sensory neuron-dependent cancer-associated cachexia

Cross M, Kotschi S, Wu W, ... , Goncalves MD, Froemke RC, Papagiannakopoulos T.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Sickness behaviors are common in cancer-associated cachexia and affect up to half of lung cancer patients. We demonstrate that among the most common cancer mutations, loss of liver kinase B1 (Lkb1) promotes the development of cachexia in preclinical models of lung cancer. In an effort to improve caloric intake with an obesogenic high-fat diet, we paradoxically observed worsened cachexia-associated sickness. We found that local production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), rather than circulating factors, promotes sickness and that genetic, dietary, and pharmacological inhibition of tumor-derived PGE₂ suppresses sickness and cachexia. Notably, we demonstrate that lung sensory neuron abrogation prevents PGE₂-dependent cachexia. Our study establishes localized tumor-derived signals to sensory neurons, rather than circulating factors, as drivers of cachexia and highlights a previously unknown role of the peripheral nervous system in cancer cachexia.

『摘要』 疾病行为在癌症相关恶病质中很常见，可影响多达一半的肺癌患者。我们证明，在最常见的癌症突变中，肝激酶B1（Lkb1）缺失会促进肺癌临床前模型中恶病质的发展。为通过致肥胖的高脂饮食改善热量摄入，我们却意外观察到恶病质相关疾病症状恶化。我们发现，局部产生的前列腺素E2（PGE₂）而非循环因子会促进疾病症状，并且通过基因、饮食和药物手段抑制肿瘤来源的PGE₂，可抑制疾病症状和恶病质。值得注意的是，我们发现阻断肺感觉神经元可预防PGE₂依赖性恶病质。我们的研究确定，驱动恶病质的是局部肿瘤向感觉神经元发出的信号，而非循环因子，同时凸显了外周神经系统在癌症恶病质中此前未知的作用。

『总结』 研究发现肝激酶B1缺失促进肺癌恶病质发展，局部产生的前列腺素E2促进疾病症状，抑制肿瘤来源的PGE₂可抑制疾病和恶病质，阻断肺感觉神经元可预防PGE₂依赖性恶病质，凸显了外周神经系统在癌症恶病质中的新作用。

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28. TranscriptFormer：横跨15亿年进化的生成式细胞图谱

TranscriptFormer: A generative cell atlas across 1.5 billion years of evolution

Pearce JD, Simmonds SE, Mahmoudabadi G, ... , Li D, Quake SR, Karaletsos T.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Single-cell transcriptomics is revolutionizing our understanding of cellular diversity, yet comparing transcriptional programs across the tree of life remains challenging. We developed TranscriptFormer, a family of generative foundation models trained on up to 112 million cells spanning 1.53 billion years of evolution across 12 species. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on cell type classification, even for species separated by over 685 million years of evolution, and zero-shot disease state identification in human cells. Developmental trajectories, phylogenetic relationships, and cellular hierarchies emerge naturally in TranscriptFormer's representations without any explicit training on these annotations. This work establishes a powerful framework for quantitative single-cell analysis and comparative cellular biology, thus demonstrating that universal principles of cellular organization can be learned and predicted across the tree of life.

『摘要』 单细胞转录组学正在革新我们对细胞多样性的理解，但跨生命树比较转录程序仍具挑战性。我们开发了TranscriptFormer，这是一系列生成式基础模型，在涵盖12个物种、跨越15.3亿年进化历程的1.12亿个细胞数据上进行了训练。我们展示了其在细胞类型分类方面的最先进性能，即使对于相隔超过6.85亿年进化的物种，以及在人类细胞中零样本识别疾病状态的能力。在TranscriptFormer的表征中，发育轨迹、系统发育关系和细胞层次结构自然显现，而无需对这些注释进行任何显式训练。这项工作为定量单细胞分析和比较细胞生物学建立了强大框架，从而证明细胞组织的通用原则可以在整个生命树中被学习和预测。

『总结』 开发了TranscriptFormer模型，在跨物种单细胞数据训练下实现细胞类型分类、疾病状态识别及细胞层次关系自然表征，揭示了细胞组织通用原则的可学习性。

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29. 大陆裂解驱动的隆升引发了东南极冰盖的形成

Continental breakup-driven uplift instigated East Antarctic Ice Sheet formation

Gernon TM, Hincks TK, Goodwin P, ... , Rohling EJ, Keir D, Braun J.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Why Antarctica became glaciated ∼34 million years ago (Ma) remains debated, as relatively warm climates and sea temperatures appear inconsistent with ice sheet formation. Although a critical decline in CO₂ is considered primarily responsible, evidence suggests that other factors were important, too. We investigated whether regional topographic uplift, rooted in Jurassic continental breakup and mantle-surface feedbacks, enabled nucleation of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). By integrating geodynamic-topographic models with ice sheet and energy balance models, we show that progressive plateau growth in East Antarctica, including Eocene uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains, pushed landscapes above the threshold for ice sheet nucleation by ∼45 Ma. Uplift enabled EAIS growth under warmer-than-expected climates, producing hemispheric asymmetry in early glaciation and reconciling Oligocene polar warmth with the onset of the modern icehouse world.

『摘要』 大约3400万年前南极洲为何会形成冰川，目前仍存在争议，因为当时相对温暖的气候和海水温度似乎与冰盖的形成并不一致。尽管二氧化碳浓度的急剧下降被认为是主要原因，但有证据表明其他因素也很重要。我们研究了是否由于区域地形隆升（根源于侏罗纪大陆裂解和地幔 - 地表反馈）促使了东南极冰盖（EAIS）的成核。通过将地动力学 - 地形模型与冰盖和能量平衡模型相结合，我们发现，包括始新世冈瓦纳山脉隆升在内的东南极洲高原的渐进式生长，在约4500万年前使地貌超过了冰盖成核的阈值。在比预期更温暖的气候条件下，地形隆升促使了东南极冰盖的扩张，导致早期冰川作用出现半球不对称，并调和了渐新世极地温暖与现代冰室世界开端之间的矛盾。

『总结』 研究表明约3400万年前南极洲形成冰川，除二氧化碳浓度下降外，源于侏罗纪大陆裂解等区域地形隆升促使东南极冰盖成核扩张，解决了早期冰川作用相关矛盾。

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30. 基于相变忆阻器的亚10毫秒级神经动力学系统

A sub-10-millisecond neural dynamical system based on phase-change memristors

Cai L, Tao Y, Xie C, ... , Song Z, Huang R, Yang Y.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』High-fidelity geometry for physical-world modeling demands real-time, dense, and differentiable deformation fields on manifolds. Neural dynamical systems (NDSs) using adaptive stepsize integration with embedded neural networks excel at these tasks but still suffer latency on the order of hundreds of milliseconds. In this work, we report a sub-10-millisecond NDS hardware leveraging the precisely controlled conductance drift of phase-change memristors and their multilevel compute-in-memory capabilities. We fabricated a 40-nanometer NDS chip for the challenging surface reconstruction tasks. Compared with state-of-the-art NDS hardware, our NDS design achieves a latency of 2.12 milliseconds (below 10 milliseconds) for single-iteration NDS computations with an error tolerance of 10^-7 and delivers 3.82× to 36.27× faster speed while consuming 11.75× to 24.73× less power. The end-to-end NDS latency through hardware measurements and simulations outperformed graphics processing unit A100 by 50.38× to 478.18×.

『摘要』 物理世界建模所需的高保真几何图形要求在流形上实现实时、密集且可微的变形场。使用自适应步长积分和嵌入式神经网络的神经动态系统（NDS）在这些任务中表现出色，但仍存在数百毫秒级的延迟。本研究报告了一种利用相变忆阻器精确控制的电导漂移及其多级内存计算能力、延迟低于10毫秒的NDS硬件。我们制造了一款用于挑战性表面重建任务的40纳米NDS芯片。与最先进的NDS硬件相比，我们的NDS设计在误差容限为10^-7的情况下，单次迭代NDS计算延迟为2.12毫秒（低于10毫秒），速度提高了3.82倍至36.27倍，同时功耗降低了11.75倍至24.73倍。通过硬件测量和仿真得到的端到端NDS延迟比图形处理单元A100快50.38倍至478.18倍。

『总结』 本文报告了一种基于相变忆阻器、延迟低于10毫秒的NDS硬件，与最先进NDS硬件相比，其速度显著提升、功耗显著降低，端到端延迟远超图形处理单元A100。

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31. 表面免疫信号通过mRNA可变剪接激活NLR

Surface immune signaling unlocks NLR activation through mRNA alternative splicing

Gao C, Meng X, Chen X, ... , Wang Y, Bozkurt TO, Dong S.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Plants activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to combat pathogens. However, how these systems coordinate immune activation while preventing autoimmunity remains poorly understood. In this study, we uncovered a regulatory mechanism in which surface immune signaling unlocks nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor activation through mRNA splicing. We identified an N-terminal prodomain in the potato late blight resistance protein Rpi-vnt1.1 that inhibits resistosome formation, preventing potential autoactivation of this NLR. Upon pathogen perception, PTI signaling induced alternative splicing of Rpi-vnt1.1 mRNA, removing this inhibitory element. This primed Rpi-vnt1.1 for activation by the Phytophthora infestans effector AVRvnt1, enabling resistosome assembly and immune signaling. The widespread conservation of N-terminal extensions in coiled coil-type NLRs points to a common regulatory mechanism in preventing potential autoactivation while preserving pathogen sensitivity.

『摘要』 植物通过激活模式触发免疫（PTI）和效应子触发免疫（ETI）来对抗病原体。然而，这些系统如何在激活免疫的同时防止自身免疫反应，目前仍知之甚少。本研究揭示了一种调控机制，即表面免疫信号通过mRNA剪接解锁核苷酸结合富亮氨酸重复序列（NLR）免疫受体的激活。我们在马铃薯晚疫病抗性蛋白Rpi-vnt1.1中发现了一个N端前结构域，该结构域抑制抗病体形成，从而防止该NLR的潜在自激活。在感知到病原体后，PTI信号诱导Rpi-vnt1.1 mRNA的可变剪接，去除这一抑制元件。这使Rpi-vnt1.1能够被致病疫霉效应子AVRvnt1激活，从而启动抗病体组装和免疫信号传导。卷曲螺旋型NLR中N端延伸的广泛保守性表明，在防止潜在自激活的同时保持对病原体的敏感性存在一种共同的调控机制。

『总结』 本研究揭示了植物通过mRNA剪接调控NLR免疫受体激活的机制，防止自身免疫反应的同时维持对病原体的敏感性。

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32. 果蝇通过主动塑造自身所处环境来积极重置其生物钟

Fruit flies actively restart their circadian clock by proactively shaping their environment

Coculla A, Garcia Rodriguez L, Ogueta M, Stanewsky R.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Circadian clocks provide adaptive advantages, enabling organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to daily environmental changes on Earth. Here, we show that fruit flies prefer a temporally organized life. Because of light-induced degradation of the core circadian clock protein Timeless, constant illumination stops the circadian clock and leads to arrhythmic locomotor activity. When given the choice to move between dark and illuminated areas in a constant light environment, flies were able to maintain, or even regain, rhythmic behavioral patterns. These self-inflicted rhythms were accompanied by molecular rhythms in clock neurons known to drive behavioral rhythms. Behavioral rhythmicity was correlated with improved sleep quality compared with that of arrhythmic flies, demonstrating an immediate benefit of choosing to live under circadian clock control.

『摘要』 生物钟为生物提供适应性优势，使它们能够调整自身的生理和行为以适应地球上每日的环境变化。在这里，我们发现果蝇偏好有规律的生活。由于核心生物钟蛋白Timeless受光照诱导而降解，持续光照会停止生物钟运转，导致运动行为无节律。在持续光照环境中，当果蝇可以在明暗区域之间自由移动时，它们能够保持甚至重新获得有节律的行为模式。这些自我产生的节律伴随着已知可驱动行为节律的时钟神经元中的分子节律。与无节律的果蝇相比，有节律行为的果蝇睡眠质量更好，这表明选择在生物钟控制下生活能带来即时益处。

『总结』 研究发现果蝇偏好有规律生活，持续光照会使其生物钟停止致运动无节律，在能自由选择明暗区域时果蝇可保持或重获节律行为，且与无节律果蝇相比有节律果蝇睡眠质量更好，表明在生物钟控制下生活有即时益处。

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33. 动态轨道角动量驱动的反铁磁体CoO中的轨道磁电阻效应

Orbital magnetoresistance in the antiferromagnet CoO driven by dynamic orbital angular momentum

Schmitt C, Krishnia S, Zeer M, ... , Gomonay O, Mokrousov Y, Klaui M.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Recent predictions of orders of magnitude larger orbital current effects compared with spin currents have attracted considerable interest. However, orbital currents must first be converted into spin currents to interact with the static magnetization dominated by spin angular momentum in conventional magnets. By using a magnet dominated by orbital angular momentum (OAM), we demonstrate a 70-fold enhancement in orbital Hall magnetoresistance in cobalt II oxide/copper (CoO/Cu*), compared with spin Hall magnetoresistance in cobalt II oxide/platinum (CoO/Pt). This arises from interactions between dynamic OAM from surface-oxidized Cu* and static OAM in the antiferromagnetic insulator CoO. Our results show how by using OAM-dominated materials, we can harness the benefits of giant orbital currents that have not been possible using conventional spin-dominated magnets.

『摘要』 与自旋流相比，近期预测的轨道流效应要大几个数量级，这引起了广泛关注。然而，轨道流必须先转化为自旋流，才能与常规磁体中由自旋角动量主导的静态磁化相互作用。通过使用由轨道角动量（OAM）主导的磁体，我们证明了在氧化钴II/铜（CoO/Cu*）中，轨道霍尔磁阻相较于氧化钴II/铂（CoO/Pt）中的自旋霍尔磁阻增强了70倍。这源于表面氧化的Cu*中的动态OAM与反铁磁绝缘体CoO中的静态OAM之间的相互作用。我们的研究结果表明，通过使用以OAM为主导的材料，我们可以利用巨大的轨道流所带来的优势，这是使用传统的以自旋为主导的磁体所无法实现的。

『总结』 通过使用以轨道角动量主导的磁体，可实现轨道霍尔磁阻的显著增强，并利用巨大轨道流的优势。

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34. 激素细胞图谱以细胞分辨率绘制人体内分泌系统图

A Hormone Cell Atlas maps the human endocrine system at cellular resolution

Fei L, Huang-Doran I, Lawler K, ... , Oliver AJ, Teichmann SA, Farooqi IS.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Hormones act across tissues and organs to coordinate physiological functions. Drawing inspiration from the Human Cell Atlas, we analyzed the expression of 379 hormone and receptor genes in a transcriptomic dataset comprising 14 million single cells and nuclei across 47 human tissues. Using hormone2cell, we mapped putative hormone-producing and hormone-receiving cell types, defining tissue-specific and cross-tissue endocrine signatures. We predicted nonclassical sites of hormone expression, including secretin in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, inferred convergent hormone action and endocrine feedback loops, and implicated cell populations in monogenic endocrine disorders. In a cross-tissue integration of adipocyte datasets, we uncovered dynamic endocrine programs across depots, within adipocyte subtypes and through adipogenic differentiation. Cumulatively, the Hormone Cell Atlas (hormonecellatlas.org.uk) provides a comprehensive framework for dissecting hormonal impact on health and disease.

『摘要』 激素在组织和器官间发挥作用以协调生理功能。受人类细胞图谱的启发，我们分析了包含47个人体组织中1400万个单细胞和细胞核的转录组数据集中379种激素和受体基因的表达情况。利用hormone2cell工具，我们绘制了潜在的激素产生和激素接受细胞类型图谱，确定了组织特异性和跨组织内分泌特征。我们预测了激素表达的非经典位点，包括在浆细胞样树突状细胞中的分泌素，推断出趋同的激素作用和内分泌反馈回路，并将细胞群体与单基因内分泌疾病联系起来。在对脂肪细胞数据集进行跨组织整合分析时，我们发现了不同脂肪库、脂肪细胞亚型以及脂肪生成分化过程中的动态内分泌程序。总体而言，激素细胞图谱（hormonecellatlas.org.uk）为剖析激素对健康和疾病的影响提供了一个全面的框架。

『总结』 研究受人类细胞图谱启发分析了379种激素和受体基因表达，绘制相关细胞类型图谱、确定内分泌特征、预测非经典位点等，还发现脂肪细胞动态内分泌程序，其构建的激素细胞图谱为剖析激素影响提供全面框架。

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35. 2型固有淋巴细胞调控胰腺内的成纤维细胞祖细胞生态位

ILC2s regulate a fibroblast progenitor niche in the pancreas

Yip T, Stockis J, Simpson C, ... , Clatworthy MR, Buechler MB, Halim TYF.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Local fibroblast development and densities influence organ health and disease, although it remains unclear how tissue fibroblast topography is controlled in situ. Here, we defined Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as key regulators of fibroblast homeostasis in the pancreas. ILC2s colocalized with fibroblasts expressing the genes Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺ in an interstitial niche of the exocrine pancreas, which encapsulates the organ parenchyma. ILC2s specifically regulated the expansion of Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺ fibroblasts, which have progenitor capacity, while restraining differentiated intraparenchymal Col15a1⁺ fibroblasts during inflammation. These circuits reinforced fibroblast numbers after injury and set an inflammatory threshold. The ILC2 and Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺ fibroblast progenitor niche expanded around tumors and controlled cancer-associated fibroblast ontogeny and density. Hence, ILC2-fibroblast dialogue represents a regulatory node that locally orchestrates tissue homeostasis and pathology.

『摘要』 局部成纤维细胞的发育和密度会影响器官的健康和疾病，不过目前尚不清楚组织成纤维细胞的空间分布如何在原位受到调控。本研究将2型固有淋巴细胞（ILC2s）确定为胰腺成纤维细胞稳态的关键调节因子。ILC2s与在外分泌胰腺间质微环境中表达Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺基因的成纤维细胞共定位，这些成纤维细胞包裹着器官实质。ILC2s特异性调控具有祖细胞能力的Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺成纤维细胞的增殖，同时在炎症期间抑制已分化的实质内Col15a1⁺成纤维细胞。这些调控回路在损伤后增强成纤维细胞数量并设定炎症阈值。ILC2和Pi16⁺Dpp4⁺Ly6c⁺成纤维细胞祖细胞微环境在肿瘤周围扩张，控制着肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的起源和密度。因此，ILC2-成纤维细胞间的相互作用是局部调控组织稳态和病理的关键节点。

『总结』 2型固有淋巴细胞是胰腺成纤维细胞稳态的关键调控因子，其与成纤维细胞的相互作用在局部调控组织稳态和病理中起关键作用。

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36. 利用量子处理器上的(2+1)维晶格规范理论观测无无序局域化现象

Observation of disorder-free localization using a (2+1)D lattice gauge theory on a quantum processor

Google Quantum AI and Collaborators†, Gyawali G, Kumar S, ... , Aleiner I, Moessner R, Roushan P.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Disorder-induced phenomena in quantum many-body systems pose a challenge for analytical and numerical approaches at relevant time and system scales. To reduce the cost of disorder sampling, we investigated quantum circuits initialized in states that form tunable superpositions over all disorder configurations, which in lattice gauge theories can be interpreted as superpositions over gauge sectors. On the experimentally accessible timescales, we observed localization in the absence of disorder in one and two dimensions: Perturbations failed to diffuse despite fully disorder-free evolution and initial states. However, entropy measurements revealed that superposition-prepared states fundamentally differ from those obtained by direct disorder sampling. Leveraging superposition, we propose an algorithm with a polynomial speedup in sampling disorder configurations, a long-standing challenge in many-body localization studies.

『摘要』 在相关时间和系统尺度上，量子多体系统中的无序诱导现象给解析和数值方法带来了挑战。为了降低无序采样的成本，我们研究了初始化为在所有无序构型上形成可调叠加态的量子线路，在格点规范理论中，这可以解释为在规范扇区上的叠加。在实验可观测的时间尺度上，我们在一维和二维系统中观察到无无序时的局域化现象：尽管系统经历了完全无无序的演化且初始状态完全无无序，扰动仍无法扩散。然而，熵测量结果显示，通过叠加制备的状态与直接无序采样获得的状态存在根本性差异。利用叠加态，我们提出了一种对无序构型采样具有多项式加速的算法，解决了多体局域化研究中长期存在的挑战。

『总结』 研究通过量子叠加态降低无序采样成本，观察到一维和二维系统在无无序时出现局域化现象，发现叠加制备态与直接采样态存在本质差异，并据此提出一种对无序构型采样具有多项式加速的算法。

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37. PIEZO1分区机械感应调控肝脏再生

Zonated mechanosensing by PIEZO1 controls liver regeneration

Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xu G, ... , Zhang XF, Offermanns S, Wang S.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』The liver exhibits a marked regenerative capacity organized through distinct zones, yet how tissue mechanics coordinate zonated proliferation remains elusive. We reveal that mechanical cues critically contribute to mouse liver regeneration in a highly region-specific manner through sensing by a subpopulation of mid-lobular hepatocytes, which are characterized by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) expression and represent the key proliferative pool of hepatocytes. PIEZO1 is a primary mechanosensor enriched in zone 2 DPP4⁺ hepatocytes that integrates biomechanical cues to drive liver regrowth by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). Genetic disruption of PIEZO1 restrains hepatocyte proliferation and compromises liver regeneration, whereas zonated PIEZO1 gain of function enhances proliferation and accelerates recovery. These findings reveal that DPP4⁺ mechanosensitive hepatocytes orchestrate liver regrowth through PIEZO1-mediated mechanosensing, establishing a link between tissue mechanics and liver regeneration.

『摘要』 肝脏通过不同区域展现出显著的再生能力，但组织力学如何协调区域性增殖仍不明确。我们揭示，机械信号通过位于肝小叶中部的特定肝细胞亚群（以二肽基肽酶-4（DPP4）表达为特征，并代表肝细胞的关键增殖池）以高度区域特异性方式对小鼠肝脏再生发挥关键作用。PIEZO1是一种在2区DPP4⁺肝细胞中富集的主要机械传感器，其通过整合生物力学信号，经胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白2（IGFBP2）驱动肝脏再生。PIEZO1的基因破坏会抑制肝细胞增殖并损害肝脏再生，而区域特异性PIEZO1功能获得则增强增殖并加速恢复。这些发现表明，DPP4⁺机械敏感肝细胞通过PIEZO1介导的机械传感协调肝脏再生，建立了组织力学与肝脏再生之间的联系。

『总结』 特定表达DPP4的肝细胞亚群通过PIEZO1机械传感器感知区域性力学信号，驱动肝脏再生。

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38. Al_1-xSc_xN铁电体中的原子偶极层交替与开关动力学

Alternating atomic-dipole layers and switching dynamics in Al&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sc&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;N ferroelectrics

Zheng Y, Bai R, Xin T, ... , Liu Q, Duan C, Liu M.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Wurtzite Al_1-xSc_xN ferroelectrics exhibit exceptional polarization and thermal stability, making them highly promising for a wide range of electronic applications. However, a more profound understanding is required regarding the atomic-scale mechanism through which cation substitution lowers the switching energy barrier and thus reduces the coercive field. We used spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy to reveal a periodic modulation of cation-anion spacing along the polarization direction, forming alternating atomic dipole layers. This modulation arises from energetically favorable chemical ordering of aluminum and scandium atoms between adjacent layers, with layer-resolved asymmetry in atomic arrangement. In situ imaging directly captures atomic-scale, noncollective, stepwise polarization switching, revealing intermediate states and local spacing fluctuations. Compositional inhomogeneity in these dipole layers creates multiple transient states that reduce the switching energy barrier. Our findings connect atomic-scale dipole structures to polarization switching kinetics, enabling the rational design of wurtzite ferroelectrics.

『摘要』 纤锌矿型Al_1-xSc_xN铁电体具有优异的极化性能和热稳定性，使其在广泛的电子应用中极具潜力。然而，对于阳离子取代如何降低开关能垒、进而降低矫顽场的原子尺度机制仍需深入理解。我们采用球差校正透射电子显微镜揭示了沿极化方向上阳离子-阴离子间距的周期性调制，形成了交替的原子偶极层。这种调制源于相邻层间铝和钪原子的能量有利化学有序排列，且原子排列存在层分辨不对称性。原位成像直接捕捉到原子尺度的非集体、分步极化切换过程，揭示了中间态和局部间距波动。这些偶极层中的成分不均匀性产生了多个瞬态，降低了开关能垒。我们的研究结果将原子尺度的偶极结构与极化切换动力学联系起来，为纤锌矿铁电体的合理设计提供了依据。

『总结』 纤锌矿型Al_1-xSc_xN铁电体中阳离子取代降低开关能垒的机制与原子尺度偶极结构及成分不均匀性有关，该发现为铁电体设计提供了新思路。

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39. 利用合成Wnt分泌组织者构建人类肾脏类器官模式

Patterning human kidney organoids with synthetic Wnt-secreting organizers

Fausto CC, Glykofrydis F, Kumar N, ... , Street K, Morsut L, Lindstrom NO.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Human stem cell-derived miniature organs, including kidney organoids, reproduce aspects of tissue development but lack reliable spatial patterning. In embryos, spatial organization is often established by developmental organizers that generate morphogenetic fields. However, how such organizing geometry operates in kidney nephrogenesis-and whether it can be reconstructed in vitro-has remained unclear. Using spatial transcriptomics of human kidney development, we found that nascent nephrons establish a collecting duct adjacent-to-distant polarity bordering a WNT11-WNT9B signaling boundary. Engineered WNT-secreting cellular organizers introduced into kidney organoids restored this organizing geometry, biasing distal nephron differentiation and orienting nephron morphogenesis toward the signal source, which demonstrates that developmental signaling geometry can be reconstructed synthetically to control tissue patterning.

『摘要』 由人类干细胞衍生的小型器官（包括肾脏类器官）能够再现组织发育的某些方面，但缺乏可靠的空间模式。在胚胎中，空间组织通常由产生形态发生场的发育组织者建立。然而，这种组织几何结构在肾脏肾发生中如何运作，以及是否能在体外重建，目前尚不清楚。通过对人类肾脏发育的空间转录组学研究，我们发现新生肾单位会建立一个与集合管相邻到远端的极性边界，该边界与WNT11-WNT9B信号边界相邻。将工程化的分泌WNT的细胞组织者引入肾脏类器官中可恢复这种组织几何结构，使远端肾单位分化产生偏向性，并使肾单位形态发生朝向信号源定向，这表明发育信号几何结构可以通过人工合成重建来控制组织模式。

『总结』 研究发现人类肾脏发育中新生肾单位存在特定极性边界，将工程化分泌WNT的细胞组织者引入肾脏类器官可恢复组织几何结构、控制组织模式。

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40. 高度不会影响最高热带龙脑香科树木的水力系统

Height does not impair the hydraulic system of the tallest tropical Dipterocarp trees

Bittencourt P, Scheire A, Jotan P, ... , Robert R, Svatek M, Rowland L.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Half of the aboveground biomass in forests is stored in a disproportionately small number of very tall trees. These giants are predicted to be more vulnerable to drought-induced damage because height impairs their hydraulic system. We evaluated whether the hydraulic system of world's tallest tropical tree species-Southeast Asian dipterocarps-are negatively affected by their height. The more negative xylem pressures caused by tree height were fully compensated for through adjustment of vessel anatomy and leaf hydraulic traits, and the trees suffered no height-related loss in growth during a severe drought. Therefore, height does not make the hydraulic systems of the world's tallest tropical tree species more vulnerable to drought, and the growth rates of these trees are not more negatively affected by drought than are their smaller counterparts.

『摘要』 森林中一半的地上生物量储存在数量极少但不成比例的参天大树中。由于高度会削弱其水力系统，预计这些“巨人”更容易受到干旱造成的损害。我们评估了世界上最高的热带树种——东南亚龙脑香科树木的水力系统是否会因其高度而受到负面影响。由树高引起的更负的木质部压力，通过导管解剖结构和叶片水力特性的调整得到了充分补偿，在严重干旱期间，这些树木的生长没有受到与高度相关的损失。因此，高度并不会使世界上最高的热带树种的水力系统更容易受到干旱的影响，而且与较矮的同类相比，干旱对这些树木生长速度的负面影响并不更大。

『总结』 高度不会使世界上最高的热带树种的水力系统更易受干旱影响，且干旱对其生长速度的负面影响不比矮树大。

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41. 超导体中量子涡旋核分数化及斯格明子形成的观测

Observation of quantum vortex core fractionalization and skyrmion formation in a superconductor

Zheng Y, Hu Q, Yu X, ... , Lv B, Yim CM, Ding H.; science; (393, 6806)

『Abstract』Magnetic fields can penetrate a superconductor in the form of quantum vortices, which consist of a core singularity with circulating currents. London's quantization implies that there is one core singularity per quantum of magnetic flux in single-component superconductors. In this study, we report signatures of quantum vortex core fractionalization on the potassium-terminated surface of a multiband superconductor, KFe₂As₂. The observed splitting of single integer-flux vortices into several fractional vortices results in a disparity between the numbers of flux quanta and vortex cores. These fractional vortices often arrange in chains, which calculations show are characterized by a ℂP skyrmionic topological invariant; this constitutes a different type of topological defect: the chiral skyrmion. The disparate natures of integer and fractional vortices comprising skyrmions lead to distinct spectroscopic signatures.

『摘要』 磁场能够以量子涡旋的形式穿透超导体，量子涡旋由带有循环电流的核心奇点构成。伦敦量子化理论表明，单组分超导体中每个磁通量子对应一个核心奇点。本研究报告了在多带超导体KFe₂As₂的钾终止表面观察到量子涡旋核心分数化的特征。实验观察到单个整数磁通涡旋分裂为多个分数涡旋，导致磁通量子数与涡旋核心数不匹配。这些分数涡旋常呈链状排列，理论计算表明其具有ℂP斯格明子拓扑不变量特征，构成了一种新型拓扑缺陷——手性斯格明子。组成斯格明子的整数与分数涡旋性质差异导致其光谱特征显著不同。

『总结』 在多带超导体KFe₂As₂表面发现量子涡旋核心分数化现象，分数涡旋链具有独特拓扑不变量，形成手性斯格明子并呈现特殊光谱特征。

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